(c) phorylated with ATP by action of triose kinase, is there a metabolic advantage for the mole-rat to rely only on metabolism of DHAP during the period of complete anoxia with respect to the total number of ATPS generated per fructose molecule via the KHK pathway. Write the pertinent reactions in which ATP is consumed or generated using words and naming enzymes and decide whether there is a metabolic advantage over the HK pathway. Although glyceraldehyde, generated as shown from fructose-1-phosphate, can be phos-
Electron Transport Chain
The electron transport chain, also known as the electron transport system, is a group of proteins that transfer electrons through a membrane within mitochondria to create a gradient of protons that drives adenosine triphosphate (ATP)synthesis. The cell uses ATP as an energy source for metabolic processes and cellular functions. ETC involves series of reactions that convert redox energy from NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H)) and FADH2(flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)) oxidation into proton-motive force(PMF), which is then used to synthesize ATP through conformational changes in the ATP synthase complex, a process known as oxidative phosphorylation.
Metabolism
Picture a campfire. It keeps the body warm on a cold night and provides light. To ensure that the fire keeps burning, fuel needs to be added(pieces of wood in this case). When a small piece is added, the fire burns bright for a bit and then dies down unless more wood is added. But, if too many pieces are placed at a time, the fire escalates and burns for a longer time, without actually burning away all the pieces that have been added. Many of them, especially the larger chunks or damp pieces, remain unburnt.
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the cellular process involved in the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules from the organic nutritional source obtained from the diet. It is a universal process observed in all types of life forms. The glucose (chemical formula C6H12O6) molecules are the preferred raw material for cell respiration as it possesses a simple structure and is highly efficient in nature.
 alt="It has been shown recently that the African naked
GLUT5-O Fructose
mole-rat can withstand up to 18 min of complete anoxia (ab-
sence of O2) in the presence of high levels of CO2 without ap-
parent brain damage. The basis of its capacity to tolerate such
unusual conditions is that the brain, heart, and liver in the mole-
rat switch to fructose-driven glycolysis. In contrast to normal
mice, these tissues in the naked mole-rat have high levels of
GLUT5 specific for cellular uptake of fructose. The available
pathways for breakdown of fruct
ose for metabolic energy production are shown on the right.
KHK stands for ketohexosekinase, an enzyme that is markedly
upregulated in the mole-rat compared to normal mice. Conse-
quently mice must metabolize fructose largely via hexokinase
(HK). In the diagram ALDOB, ALDOA, etc. represent aldolase
isozymes.
KHK
HK
Fructose-6-P
PFK
Fructose-1-P
Fructose-1,6-BP
ALDOB
ALDOC
ALDOA
ALDOC
Glyceraldehyde
DHAP
GAЗP
Glyc-3-P
3-PGA
Lactate
Pyruvate
mouse
naked mole-rat
Lactate
In the study, as seen in the graphs on the right for DHAP and
lactate production, it was shown with use of C-13 enriched
fructose that fructose-driven glycolysis in the mole-rat resulted
in faster conversion of fructose into glycolytic metabolites via
the KHK pathway than via the HK pathway in mice.
DHAP
1000007
8007
600-
60000-
400-
20000-
200-
30
15
Time (min)
5
15
30
Time (min)
(c)
phorylated with ATP by action of triose kinase, is there a metabolic advantage for the mole-rat to rely
only on metabolism of DHAP during the period of complete anoxia with respect to the total number of
ATPS generated per fructose molecule via the KHK pathway. Write the pertinent reactions in which
ATP is consumed or generated using words and naming enzymes and decide whether there is a
metabolic advantage over the HK pathway.
Although glyceraldehyde, generated as shown from fructose-1-phosphate, can be phos-
13C-labeled Quantity
(pmol/50mg tissue)
13C-labeled Quantity
(pmol/50mg tissue)
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