Calculate the total number of ATP that can be generated from the ß-oxidation of paulinic acid?ОН1.How many ATP expended for activating fatty acid to fatty acyl-CoA?How many rounds of beta oxidation?How many FADH2 per round of beta oxidation?Is there any point in the beta oxidation of an unsaturated fatty acid where we skip overFADH, production?How many FADH, total from beta oxidation?How many NADH per round of beta oxidation?How many NADH total from beta oxidation?How many acetyl-CoA are produced through beta oxidation?6.2.3.4.5.How many NADH and FADH, are produced per acetyl-CoA in the citric acid cycle?How many NADH total from all acetyl-CoA running through the citric acid cycle?How many FADH, total from all acetyl-CoA running through the citric acid cycle?How many ATP are produced per acetyl-CoA in the citric acid cycle?How many ATP total from all acetyl-CoA running through the citric acid cycle?How many ATP per NADH,?9.7.1.8.How many ATP per FADH,?10. Add´em up

Note : Hi ! Thank you for the question. We are authorized to answer three subparts at a time. Since you have not mentioned which part you are looking for, we are answering the first three subparts. Please repost your question separately for the remaining subpart. Fatty acids are lipids with hydrocarbon chain and carboxylic acid end. When there is no stored glycogen or dietary supply of glucose, as energy source, fatty acids undergo β oxidation to release energy. The number of ATPs obtained is calculated through number of rounds of β oxidation and number of acetyl CoA entered in to the citric acid cycle. 1) β oxidation occurs in the mitochondria. But, free fatty acids are present in the cytosol. So, in order to carry out β oxidation of the fatty acids, they must be carried to the mitochondria. Since free fatty acids are impermeable to the mitochondrial membrane, the fatty acids are activated in the cytoplasm and acyl CoA by the enzyme acyl CoA synthetase(thiokinase). During the activation step, two high energy phosphates are utilized. 2) Paulinic acid is an unsaturated fatty acid with 20 carbons and one double bond. In each round of β oxidation, there occurs the formation of one molecule of acetyl CoA, one molecule of NADH, and one molecule of FADH2. For the complete oxidation of paulinic acid, 9 rounds of β oxidation is required. 3) Unsaturated fatty acids are the fatty acids with double bonds in the structure. Presence of double bonds cause to skip the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme acyl CoA dehydrogenase. The enzyme acyl CoA dehydrogenase cause the synthesis of FADH2 during β oxidation. During the β oxidation of saturated fatty acids, there occurs the synthesis of one molecule of FADH2 in each cycle. a) The step which synthesize FADH2 is bypassed in the β oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids. The step is bypassed once in the case of monounsaturated fatty acids, and multiple times in the case of polyunsaturated fatty acids. b) Since the step which synthesize FADH2 is skipped once in the case of monounsaturated fatty acids such as paulinic acid, the total number of FADH2 synthesized during the β oxidation of paulinic acid will be 8. Answer : 1) During the activation of fatty acids, two high energy phosphates are utilized. 2) For the complete oxidation of paulinic acid, 9 rounds of β oxidation is required. 3) During the β oxidation of saturated fatty acids, there occurs the synthesis of one molecule of FADH2 in each cycle. a) The step which synthesize FADH2 is bypassed in the β oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids. The step is bypassed once in the case of monounsaturated fatty acids, and multiple times in the case of polyunsaturated fatty acids. b) Since the step which synthesize FADH2 is skipped once in the case of monounsaturated fatty acids such as paulinic acid, the total number of FADH2 synthesized during the β oxidation of paulinic acid will be 8.