Dr. Moochin and her colleagues suspect that the bacteria causing the infection in her patients areresistant to the antibiotics, but not because of genetic resistance. She decided to ask the clinicalmicrobiology lab to determine the biochemical profile of the bacteria causing infections in her patients,in an effort to understand the nature of the persisting infections.Several tests were made on the samples collected from patients' wound. Dr Moochin was aware ofthe various other ways bacteria can transiently survive antibiotic treatments and wanted to know whichmechanism was at cause. Knowing the cause could help her treat her patient in the best possible way.To do so, she ordered the following molecules to be measured in each sample:c-di-guanylate monophosphate (c-di-GMP)• Polyphosphate (poly-P)Exopolysaccharides (EPS)Autoinducers (AI)Guanidine tetraphosphate (ppGpp)Why would Dr Moochin ask to measure each of these molecules in the patient's sample?Explain the reason for measuring each of them. Wound infections in burn victimsPractice Question #3After a horrible fire ravaged a bloc of flats, several residents were brought to the hospital for mild tosevere burn treatments (see Table 1).Table 1: Patients admitted at the hospital following the fire.NameAge (years)Medical conditionSandra63Second-degree burns on 40% of her bodyMarco19Deep third-degree burns on 90% of his legsAlexandre29Deep third-degree burns on 35% of his legsMatthieu58Superficial burns on his arms and legsMaddie38Partial thickness burns on her left armMatthieu and Maddie, who were less severely burned, were treated with various topical anestheticointments and antibiotics, they were released from care and made full recoveries.Severely burned Sandra, Marco, and Alexandre were all moved to an isolated section of the ICU andinitially treated through intravenous (for fluid resuscitation) and intra-arterial (for invasive bloodpressure monitoring) catheters.After being treated for shock and after their conditions were stabilized, Sandra, Marco, and Alexandrewere treated in the hydrotherapy room (warm running water) twice daily for 2-3 days. Hydrotherapycan stimulate recovery and act as a pain relief for burn victims. However, the patients soon startedexhibiting signs of infection with high fevers/malaise, and their wounds started emitting sweet-likeodors.Dr. Moochin, the physician in charge of Sandra, Marco and Alexandre, was very worried about thesymptoms her patients were exhibiting. She suspected bacterial infections and without waiting fordiagnostic results, she immediately prescribed antibiotics for all 3 patients.During the twice daily dressing changes, wound exudates (fluid that leaks out from the lymph andblood into injured tissues) were collected from each patient using abacterial culture tests were performed to confirm the presence of bacterial infection.collection system, andAfter gram staining, microscopy examination showed that the isolates from all patients in the ICU weredominated by blue/purple coccoid cells, indicating a Staph infection. However, Marco's wounds werecolonized by both red/pink rods and blue/purple coccoid cells. The rods were identified asPseudomonas aeruginosa, and the cocci were Staphylococcus aureus.To make sure the antibiotics she had prescribed would treat the bacterial infections, Dr. Moochin askedfor an antibiotic sensitivity test, which all came back positive. When the patient's general conditionsdid not respond after days of high-dosage antibiotic treatment, Dr. Moochin consulted with hercolleagues about what to do next.

Bacteria are single celled organism which affects human beings by causing various diseases…

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Transcribed Image Text:Dr. Moochin and her colleagues suspect that the bacteria causing the infection in her patients are resistant to the antibiotics, but not because of genetic resistance. She decided to ask the clinical microbiology lab to determine the biochemical profile of the bacteria causing infections in her patients, in an effort to understand the nature of the persisting infections. Several tests were made on the samples collected from patients' wound. Dr Moochin was aware of the various other ways bacteria can transiently survive antibiotic treatments and wanted to know which mechanism was at cause. Knowing the cause could help her treat her patient in the best possible way. To do so, she ordered the following molecules to be measured in each sample: c-di-guanylate monophosphate (c-di-GMP) • Polyphosphate (poly-P) Exopolysaccharides (EPS) Autoinducers (AI) Guanidine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) Why would Dr Moochin ask to measure each of these molecules in the patient's sample? Explain the reason for measuring each of them.

Wound infections in burn victims
Practice Question #3
After a horrible fire ravaged a bloc of flats, several residents were brought to the hospital for mild to
severe burn treatments (see Table 1).
Table 1: Patients admitted at the hospital following the fire.
Name
Age (years)
Medical condition
Sandra
63
Second-degree burns on 40% of her body
Marco
19
Deep third-degree burns on 90% of his legs
Alexandre
29
Deep third-degree burns on 35% of his legs
Matthieu
58
Superficial burns on his arms and legs
Maddie
38
Partial thickness burns on her left arm
Matthieu and Maddie, who were less severely burned, were treated with various topical anesthetic
ointments and antibiotics, they were released from care and made full recoveries.
Severely burned Sandra, Marco, and Alexandre were all moved to an isolated section of the ICU and
initially treated through intravenous (for fluid resuscitation) and intra-arterial (for invasive blood
pressure monitoring) catheters.
After being treated for shock and after their conditions were stabilized, Sandra, Marco, and Alexandre
were treated in the hydrotherapy room (warm running water) twice daily for 2-3 days. Hydrotherapy
can stimulate recovery and act as a pain relief for burn victims. However, the patients soon started
exhibiting signs of infection with high fevers/malaise, and their wounds started emitting sweet-like
odors.
Dr. Moochin, the physician in charge of Sandra, Marco and Alexandre, was very worried about the
symptoms her patients were exhibiting. She suspected bacterial infections and without waiting for
diagnostic results, she immediately prescribed antibiotics for all 3 patients.
During the twice daily dressing changes, wound exudates (fluid that leaks out from the lymph and
blood into injured tissues) were collected from each patient using a
bacterial culture tests were performed to confirm the presence of bacterial infection.
collection system, and
After gram staining, microscopy examination showed that the isolates from all patients in the ICU were
dominated by blue/purple coccoid cells, indicating a Staph infection. However, Marco's wounds were
colonized by both red/pink rods and blue/purple coccoid cells. The rods were identified as
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and the cocci were Staphylococcus aureus.
To make sure the antibiotics she had prescribed would treat the bacterial infections, Dr. Moochin asked
for an antibiotic sensitivity test, which all came back positive. When the patient's general conditions
did not respond after days of high-dosage antibiotic treatment, Dr. Moochin consulted with her
colleagues about what to do next.

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c-di-guanylate monophosphate (c-di-GMP) Polyphosphate (poly-P) Exopolysaccharides (EPS) • Autoinducers (Al) Guanidine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) Why would Dr Moochin ask to measure each of these molecules in the patient's sample? Explain the reason for measuring each of them.