2B. S. aureus hemolysin B attacks the RBC cell membrane by hydrolyzing the sphingomyelin headgroup:ОНHN.Rhemolysin Bcuts this bondi) Draw a plausible mechanism of hydrolysis for this lipid headgroup. Let B- and BH be general base andgeneral acid.00-P-OLOR2OR,ii) Why is this damaging to the overall membrane architecture of the RBC?

Sphingomyelin is a phospholipid which has phosphocholine as head group and sphingosine as platform…

Answered: 2B. S. aureus hemolysin B attacks the…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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Number 3. I would say no burn can’t explain why’s exactly. IS it right? And how would I explain why?
I. A protein, X, was Isolated from a pathogenlc mlcroorganism. The proteln Is a vlrulence factor whose path0genlclty lies In a heptapeptide of unknown sequence. After trypsin cleavage of the heptapeptide from protein X, the peptlde's compOsition and sequence was determined. The fOllowing were the results of the sequenclng process: 1. When the peptide was treated with dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB), DNP-asp and a mixture of amino acids were produced. 2. When the same Intact peptide was treated with streptococcal protease, a pentapeptide of composition asp, asN, cys, gly and ser and 2 amlno acids were released. 3. When the heptapeptlde was also treated with hydrOxylamine HCI, a tripeptide and a tetrapeptide were obtained. The C-terminal amino acid of the tripeptide was asN. 1) What is the sequence of the heptapeptide if it is composed of cys, asp, lys, asN, gly and ser only? 2) What is the pl of the heptapeptide?
VI. Although most biologically relevant sugars have the D-configuration, L-fucose is a commonly observed monosaccharide component in glycoproteins. Glycosylated antibodies (IgGs) observed in patients with active TB have more fucose than those found in patients with latent TB (Lu et. al., 2016). Latent TB occurs when a person has the TB bacteria, but bacterial proliferation is kept under control by the body's immune system; hence, the infected person is asymptomatic and not infectious. A person with latent TB will test positive for the tuberculin test or TB blood test. a) L-fucose is also known as 6-deoxy-L-galactose. Note that D-galactose is a C-4 epimer of D-glucose. Draw the Fisher projections for D-glucose, D-galactose and L-fucose. (Hints: D- and L-isomers are enantiomers. 6-deoxy means that the hydroxyl group at C-6 is removed leaving just the methyl group). D-galactose: D-glucose: L-fucose (6-deoxy-L-galactose): b) L-fucose can cyclize into a pyranose and form two anomers. Draw…
5. Anesthetic gases used in surgery are known to bind to the hemoglobin molecule in red blood cells. The diagram below illustrates O2 binding curves of normal human HbA in the presence of the anesthetic gas dichloromethane (DCM). O UNTREATED 100 a Dсм 23 Torr Symbols: в Dсм 50 Torr x DCM I00 Torr o, 0 Torr DCM; O, 23 Torr DCM A, 50 Torr DCM x, 100 Torr DCM. 80 60 40 (1 Torr = 1 mm Hg.) 20 The solutions were buffered to pH 7.4. 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 log p02 (a) (* Hill plots. Label the axes and indicate on both the plot above and the Hill plot where the value of the dissociation equilibrium constant Ka for O2 binding is defined for 0 and 100 Torr of dichloromethane For the curves at 0 and 100 Torr of dichloromethane, draw their equivalent in the form of Kd Hb(O2)n Hb + nO2 % OXYGENATION
8. In a patient with anemia, the presence of Heinz bodics in the RBCS was the result of the hemoglobin subunits aggregation due to the oxidation of -SH groups of Hb cysteine residues with active oxygen forms and the formation of disulfide bonds. What metabolic disorders in the RBC can be the cause of this clinical case? To solve the problem: a) indicate which reactions maintain cysteine residues in a reduced state; b) name the coenzyme involved in this process, write a diagram of the process in which the reduced form of this coenzyme is formed; c) indicate the enzyme which deficiency may lcad to a lack of the reduced cocnzyme and be the cause of the clinical case described above.
explain why A liposome of 1;1 molar ratio of cholesterol to phospholipids will be the optimum combination for the highest concentration of drug entrapment’
Give the IUPAC names of the following. Answer A, B, C and D. Thank you!
Lysozyme cleaves between NAG and NAM residues in bacterial cell walls and is, therefore, classified as a(an) O A. salt bridge, oxidoreductase O B. peptide bond; hydrolase OC. glycosidic linkage; oxidoreductase O D. glycosidic linkage, hydrolase O E. peptide bond; transferase
4. a. Calculate the KM (Michaelis constant) and the vmax (the maximum initial rate) for both substrates (sphingosine and ATP). Show your work, and be careful about units. b. threo-dihydrosphingosine, a stereoisomer of sphingosine, is an inhibitor of sphingosine kinase. What kind of inhibitor (competitive, uncompetitive, noncompetitive) is threo-dihydrosphingosine? Citing information from the Lineweaver-Burke plots, explain how you can tell.
Why does the dissociation constant change for hemoglobin in high and low 02 concentrations? O Hemoglobin is a tetramer and subunits have decreased dissociation of 02 when a neighboring subunit has bound 02 O Hemoglobin is a monomeric protein with increased dissociation of 02 when a neighboring molecule has bound 02 O Hemoglobin is a tetramer and subunits have increased dissociation of 02 when a neighboring subunit has bound CO O Hemoglobin is a tetramer and subunits have increased dissociation of O2 when a neighboring subunit has bound O2
2. It is known hemoglobinopathies, whi ch arise due to mutations in one of histidines a- or B- chains binding with the iron in the heme gro up.These mutations stabilize the iron in Fes form. Some drugs (eg. sulfonamides) or chemicals( eg.anilin) also can cause methemoglobinemia. Suggest, how change the properties of Hb in these cas es. For this:1)Describe the structure and function of Hb A as a transport protein. 2) Explain the role ofiron ions in act ive centers of Hb for the binding of O23) How many molecules of Oz can bind mutant Hb, if mutation occurs in a- subunits? 4) Why can ascorbic acid be used to tr eat of such patients.
5. Anesthetic gases used in surgery are known to bind to the hemoglobin molecule in red blood cells. The diagram below illustrates O2 binding curves of normal human HbA in the presence of the anesthetic gas dichloromethane (DCM). O UNTREATED 100 Symbols: a Dсм 23 Torr • DCM 50 Torr x DCM I00 Torr o, 0 Torr DCM; О, 23 Torr DСМ Д, 50 Torr DСМ x, 100 Torr DCM. 80 60 40 (1 Torr = 1 mm Hg.) 20 The solutions were buffered to pH 7.4. 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 log p02 For the curves at 0 and 100 Torr of dichloromethane, draw their equivalent in the form of (a) (* Hill plots. Label the axes and indicate on both the plot above and the Hill plot where the value of the dissociation equilibrium constant Kd for O2 binding is defined for 0 and 100 Torr of dichloromethane Kd Hb(O2)n nO2 Hb + Be sure to label the axes, indicate the units on both axes, and make the Hill plot so that the values of Kd are equivalent to those on the saturation plot above. Indicate whether cooperativity, as indicated by the Hill…

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