2B. S. aureus hemolysin B attacks the RBC cell membrane by hydrolyzing the sphingomyelin headgroup:ОНHN.Rhemolysin Bcuts this bondi) Draw a plausible mechanism of hydrolysis for this lipid headgroup. Let B- and BH be general base andgeneral acid.00-P-OLOR2OR,ii) Why is this damaging to the overall membrane architecture of the RBC?

Sphingomyelin is a phospholipid which has phosphocholine as head group and sphingosine as platform…

Answered: 2B. S. aureus hemolysin B attacks the…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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. What physiological effect would you predict from a mutation that replaced with serine the cysteine in the constant part of the immunoglobulin light chain that is involved in disulfide-bond for- mation with the heavy chain? ,
22. Describe the Induced fit of Hemoglobin, Hb (enzyme-like protein) which has quarternary structure and exhibits allosteric activation with cooperativity.
In a molecular disease of hemoglobin, Hemoglobin Rainier, Tyr 145β is replaced by Cys, which forms a disulfide bond with another Cysresidue in the same subunit. This prevents the formation of ion pairs that normally stabilize the T state. How does hemoglobin Rainier differ from normal hemoglobin with respect to the Hill coefficient
Interleukin-6 is an important pro-inflammatory cytokine released in response to a variety of infections. Tocilizumab is a monoclonal antibody that blocks the action of IL-6. This drug cannot be given orally. Provide a biochemical explanation for this.
VI. Although most biologically relevant sugars have the D-configuration, L-fucose is a commonly observed monosaccharide component in glycoproteins. Glycosylated antibodies (IgGs) observed in patients with active TB have more fucose than those found in patients with latent TB (Lu et. al., 2016). Latent TB occurs when a person has the TB bacteria, but bacterial proliferation is kept under control by the body's immune system; hence, the infected person is asymptomatic and not infectious. A person with latent TB will test positive for the tuberculin test or TB blood test. a) L-fucose is also known as 6-deoxy-L-galactose. Note that D-galactose is a C-4 epimer of D-glucose. Draw the Fisher projections for D-glucose, D-galactose and L-fucose. (Hints: D- and L-isomers are enantiomers. 6-deoxy means that the hydroxyl group at C-6 is removed leaving just the methyl group). D-galactose: D-glucose: L-fucose (6-deoxy-L-galactose): b) L-fucose can cyclize into a pyranose and form two anomers. Draw…
5. Anesthetic gases used in surgery are known to bind to the hemoglobin molecule in red blood cells. The diagram below illustrates O2 binding curves of normal human HbA in the presence of the anesthetic gas dichloromethane (DCM). O UNTREATED 100 a Dсм 23 Torr Symbols: в Dсм 50 Torr x DCM I00 Torr o, 0 Torr DCM; O, 23 Torr DCM A, 50 Torr DCM x, 100 Torr DCM. 80 60 40 (1 Torr = 1 mm Hg.) 20 The solutions were buffered to pH 7.4. 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 log p02 (a) (* Hill plots. Label the axes and indicate on both the plot above and the Hill plot where the value of the dissociation equilibrium constant Ka for O2 binding is defined for 0 and 100 Torr of dichloromethane For the curves at 0 and 100 Torr of dichloromethane, draw their equivalent in the form of Kd Hb(O2)n Hb + nO2 % OXYGENATION
6. Serum blood of a patient with dislipoproteinemia type I has milky appearance even in fasting. If serum stays at low temperature (4) for several hours, the fatty layer appears on its surface. What are the possible causes of these symptoms? Answer the questions and do the following tasks: a) what compounds of serum blood must be tested in the patient in a biochemical lab? b) what is the possible diagnosis of the discase? c) draw the reaction which does not occur properly in the patient's blood; d) explain how the products of the previous reaction are used in adiposc tissue and heart in a healthy person I hour after meal.
. In the experiments of Barrick, et al. ( observed that replacement of histidine by a noncovalently bonded imidazole not only reduced cooperativity but also increased the oxy- gen affinity of the hemoglobin. Suggest an explanation. it was
Liposomes used in these vaccines contain some cationic lipids, or lipids with a positively charged head group. Explain why this is a sensible strategy for delivering genetic materials (or drugs) to a human cell.
Suggest probable consequences of the following real or possible hemoglobinmutations. [Note: as shown](a) At β146 (HC3) His → Asp(b) At β92 (F8) His → LeuIn each case, indicate whether a single-nucleotide change is sufficient forthe mutation.
Why does the dissociation constant change for hemoglobin in high and low 02 concentrations? O Hemoglobin is a tetramer and subunits have decreased dissociation of 02 when a neighboring subunit has bound 02 O Hemoglobin is a monomeric protein with increased dissociation of 02 when a neighboring molecule has bound 02 O Hemoglobin is a tetramer and subunits have increased dissociation of 02 when a neighboring subunit has bound CO O Hemoglobin is a tetramer and subunits have increased dissociation of O2 when a neighboring subunit has bound O2
If there was a molecule that causes Hb to be more stable in the T state, this molecule would: a. Generally, raise the affinity of Hb for O2 b. Generally, lower the affinity of Hb for O2 c. Generally, cause Mb to favor the R state while Hb is in the T state d. Generally, cause Hb to dissociate into αβ dimers

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