BIOLOGY ACTIVITY -Gene Mutations and Proteins Objective: To demonstrate how gene mutations affect the production of proteins? Procedure: 1. Use the following base sequence of one strand of an AATTGAACACATGCGCCC. imaginary DNA molecule: 2 Write the base sequence for an mRNA strand that would be transcribed from the given DNA sequence. Place your results in the table below. 3. Use your codon table provided below to determine the sequence of amino acids in the resulting protein fragment. Place your results in the table below. 4. If the fifth base in the original DNA strand were changed from G to C, how would this affect the resulting protein fragment? Write the new protein fragment in the table below. 5. If G were added to the original DNA strand after the third base, what would the resulting mRNA look like? How would this addition affect the protein? Show your results in the table below. Data: mRNA from Step 2 Protein Sequence from Step 3 Protein Sequence from Step 4 mRNA from Step 5 Protein Sequence from Step 5 Conclusions: 1. The two mutations were substitution and a frameshift mutation. Which one was substitution? Which was a frameshift mutation? 2. In what way did the substitution mutation affect the protein? 3. How did the frameshift mutation affect the protein?
Molecular Techniques
Molecular techniques are methods employed in molecular biology, genetics, biochemistry, and biophysics to manipulate and analyze nucleic acids (deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)), protein, and lipids. Techniques in molecular biology are employed to investigate the molecular basis for biological activity. These techniques are used to analyze cellular properties, structures, and chemical reactions, with a focus on how certain molecules regulate cellular reactions and growth.
DNA Fingerprinting and Gel Electrophoresis
The genetic makeup of living organisms is shown by a technique known as DNA fingerprinting. The difference is the satellite region of DNA is shown by this process. Alex Jeffreys has invented the process of DNA fingerprinting in 1985. Any biological samples such as blood, hair, saliva, semen can be used for DNA fingerprinting. DNA fingerprinting is also known as DNA profiling or molecular fingerprinting.
Molecular Markers
A known DNA sequence or gene sequence is present on a chromosome, and it is associated with a specific trait or character. It is mainly used as a genetic marker of the molecular marker. The first genetic map was done in a fruit fly, using genes as the first marker. In two categories, molecular markers are classified, classical marker and a DNA marker. A molecular marker is also known as a genetic marker.
DNA Sequencing
The most important feature of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules are nucleotide sequences and the identification of genes and their activities. This the reason why scientists have been working to determine the sequences of pieces of DNA covered under the genomic field. The primary objective of the Human Genome Project was to determine the nucleotide sequence of the entire human nuclear genome. DNA sequencing selectively eliminates the introns leading to only exome sequencing that allows proteins coding.
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