Ophthalmology, GeneticsAge-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common eye disease among the elderly that can lead to partial or total loss of vision. It is well known that smoking and excessive weight tend to be associated with higher incidence rates of AMD. More recently, however, several genes have been found tobe associated with AMD as well. One gene that has been considered is the Y402H gene (RS 1061170). There are three genotypes for the Y402H gene-TT, TC, and CC. Suppose the relationship between AMD and the Y402H genotype is as follows.Association between Y402H genotype andprevalence of AMD in a high-riskpopulationY402HTT (wild type)TCCCTotalUSE SALTAMD = yes39118120277AMD = no3785282761,182(a) What is the relative risk for AMD for the CC genotype compared with the TT genotype? (Round your answer to two decimal places.)(b) One issue is whether the Y402H gene is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). For a gene to be in HWE, its two alleles must assort independently. Under HWE, what is the expected frequency (in percent) of the TC genotype among the 1,182 subjects in the AMD = no group? (Use a normalapproximation if appropriate. Round your answer to two decimal places.)%(c) Are the data consistent with HWE? Specifically, is the number of heterozygotes (TC) significantly lower than expected under HWE? (Use a normal approximation if appropriate. Round your answer to four decimal places.)If we assume HWE holds✔ for the Y402H gene, the probability of observing as many or fewer TC individuals without AMD as we do in our sample isunder HWE.. This probability indicates the number of heterozygotes in our sample is✔ much lower than expected

The relationship between AMD and the Y402H genotype is as follows: Y402H AMD=yes AMD=no…

Answered: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)…

MATLAB: An Introduction with Applications

6th Edition

ISBN:9781119256830

Author:Amos Gilat

Publisher:Amos Gilat

Chapter1: Starting With Matlab

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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Researchers at Baylor University recently released a study about religion in America. One part of the study showed the "beliefs about God" for people who were either "affiliated with a religion" or "unaffiliated with a religion." The possible categories for beliefs in God are "Believe in a higher power", "sometimes believe", "don't believe", and “believe with doubts." Here are the observed frequencies for a Chi-square test of association and we have added the row and column totals. Believe Sometimes Don't Believe Total Believe Believe with doubts affiliated w relig 90 40 10 60 200 unaffiliated w rel 50 30 15 100 Total 140 70 15 75 300 We want to do a Chi-Square test of association for religious affiliation versus belief in God. What is the expected frequency for the "affiliated w relig" and "Believe" category? Round your answer to the tenths position.
A Pew Research study conducted in 2017 found that approximately 75% of Americans believe that robots and computers might one day do many of the jobs currently done by people (Pew Research website, http://www.pewinternet.org/2017/10/04/americans-attitudes-toward-a-future-in-which-robots-and-computers-can-do-many-human-jobs/). Suppose we have the following data collected from nurses, tax auditors, and fast-food workers in which a higher score means the person feels his or her job is more likely to be automated.
A researcher decides to conduct a study to observe the association between smoking cessation among long-term smokers and obesity since it has been previously well documented in the literature that smokers tend to gain weight when they stop smoking. The researcher notes that among the individuals who gain weight, many of them have developed heart problems or other medical problems that typically prevent them from exercising as much as their counterparts. In this case the individuals who developed these health problems had specific genetic markers putting them at higher risk of developing their health problems while they were smoking than their counterparts. This is an example of which of the following? Confounding Recall bias Statistical interaction Misclassification bias
Suppose that the average waiting time for a patient at a physician's office is just over 29 minutes. In order to address the issue of long patient wait times, some physicians' offices are using wait-tracking systems to notify patients of expected wait times. Patients can adjust their arrival times based on this information and spend less time in waiting rooms. The following data show wait times (minutes) for a sample of patients at offices that do not have a wait-tracking system and wait times for a sample of patients at offices with a wait-tracking system. Without Wait- Tracking System 25 65 16 22 35 46 12 27 12 32 Z-score = With Wait-Tracking System 33 9 15 18 10 32 9 (a) Considering only offices without a wait-tracking system, what is the z-score for the 10th patient in the sample (wait time = 32 minutes)? If required, round your intermediate calculations and final answer to two decimal places. 3 12 17 Z-score = (b) Considering only offices with a wait-tracking system, what is the…
Iron is an essential nutrient. Iron deficiency has beenlinked with symptoms such as anemia, rapid heartbeat,increased risk of infections, and lightheadedness. At theother end of the spectrum is iron overload, describedin an August 2012 New York Times article. Excess ironis deposited in the liver, heart, and pancreas and cancause cirrhosis, liver cancer, cardiac arrhythmias, anddiabetes. According to a Framingham Heart Studyresearcher, “About one person in 250 inherits a geneticdisorder called hemochromatosis that increases ironabsorption and results in a gradual, organ-damagingbuildup of stored iron.” Suppose we have a random sample of 1000 adults, and want to find the probabil-ity that at least 5 of them have this disorder. Which of these statements is true? I. We would expect 4 of these people to have hemo-chromatosis. II. We can calculate this probability using a Binomialmodel.III. We can approximate this probability using a Normalmodel.A) None B) I only C) I and II onlyD) I and III…
Trematodes of the species Euhaplorchis californiensis may infect the California kill fish, Fundulus parvipinnis. Researchers have observed that infected fish spend excessive time near the water surface, where they may be more vulnerable to bird predation. Researchers set up an experiment in a large outdoor tank that stocked with three kinds of killifish, uninfected, lightly infected, and highly infected, and recorded the number of fish that is eaten by birds. State the null and alternative hypothesis
The coat color of black bears depends on a gene with two alleles. Allele B is dominant and confers black coat, whereas allele b is recessive and homozygous bears have white coats (albino black bears, I know it sounds weird but it is true). As we know from genetics each bear has two alleles and the coat colors are as follows: BB-black; Bb-black; bb-white. A researcher obtained the following data for the genotypes (BB, Bb or bb) of black bears: Genotype Number of bears BB 42 Bb 24 bb 21 You are performing the following hypothesis test: H0: The genotypes of the bears follow a binomial distribution, with a probability of receiving the b allele equal to the observed proportion of the b allele in the population. HA: The genotypes of the bears do not follow a binomial distribution What is the expected frequency of bears with genotype BB, Bb, and bb? Give the absolute expected frequency (number of bears) not the fraction/proportion of BB bears
Another researcher also decides to conduct a study to observe the association between smoking cessation among long-term smokers and obesity since it has been previously well documented in the literature that smokers tend to gain weight when they stop smoking. The researcher notes that among the individuals who gain weight, many of them have developed heart problems or other medical problems that typically prevent them from exercising as much as their counterparts. In this case the researcher notes that individuals who have developed the heart problems or other medical problems causing them to gain weight also came from family with a high prevalence of risk-taking behaviors so they consume unhealthy diets and are less likely to exercise in general than their counterparts. This is an example of which of the following? Multilpe Choice Confounding Effect modification Recall bias Socially desirable response bias
There is a current chemotherapy drug available that is extremely successful in treating an aggressive form of breast cancer. This drug has as a serious side effect in that 20% of the recipients will subsequently go on to develop ALL, an often untreatable and fatal form of leukemia. The pharmaceutical company is developing a modified version of this drug and long term clinical trials are being conducted on 214 women afflicted with this aggressive form of breast cancer. The trials have indicated 31 subsequent cases of ALL. State and test the hypothesis that there is no difference in the proportion of ALL cases between the two chemotherapy drugs against the alternative that there is a difference. Set alpha equal to 0.02
A paper describes a study of the use of MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) exams in the diagnosis of breast cancer. The purpose of the study was to determine if MRI exams do a better job than mammograms of determining if women who have recently been diagnosed with cancer in one breast have cancer in the other breast. The study participants were 950 women who had been diagnosed with cancer in one breast and for whom a mammogram did not detect cancer in the other breast. These women had an MRI exam of the other breast, and 101 of those exams indicated possible cancer. After undergoing biopsies, it was determined that 30 of the 101 did in fact have cancer in the other breast, whereas 71 did not. The women were all followed for one year, and four of the women for whom the MRI exam did not indicate cancer in the other breast were subsequently diagnosed with cancer that the MRI did not detect. The accompanying table summarizes this information. Cancer Cancer Not Present Present Total MRI…
Sickle-cell anemia is a hereditary chronic blood disease that is extremely severe when an individual carries two copies of the defective gene. It is particularly common in countries plagued by malaria, a parasiticinfection transmitted by mosquitoes. A study in Africa tested 543 children for the sickle-cell gene and also for malaria. In Group 1 which consisted of 136 children with the sickle-cell gene, 36 children had severe malariainfections. Group 2 consisted of 407 children without the sickle-cell gene, and 152 of them had severe malaria infections. Conduct a test to determine if the proportion of severe malaria infections among children withthe sickle-cell trait is different from that among children without. Test at 5% level of significance. Question: What is your p value and t statistic ?
Researchers studying the link between prenatal vitamin use and autism surveyed the mothers of a random sample of children aged 24 - 60 months with autism and surveyed another separate random sample for children with typical development. Table summarizing the number of mothers in each group who did and did not use prenatal vitamins during the three months before pregnancy (data from Schmidt, 2011) Autism Typical Development Total No vitamin 111 70 181 Vitamin 143 159 302 Total 254 229 483 Complete the hypothesis test for independence between the two variables, use of prenatal vitamins during the three months before pregnancy and autism in Rguroo. What is the value of the test statistic for this test? (Use the Large Sample Z method and please round to two decimal places)

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