A study was recently conducted to assess the relationship between miscarriage and heavy alcohol use during the first trimester of pregnancy. Fifty women who suffered miscarriage were enrolled in the study along with 50 women who delivered full-term infants. Each participant’s use of alcohol during their first trimester of pregnancy was ascertained by face-to-face interview. For the purpose of this study, heavy alcohol use was defined as consuming four or more drinks on any one occasion during the first trimester of pregnancy. Study results found that a total of 18 women were heavy alcohol users, 14 among those who suffered a miscarriage. 1) What type of study design was used? Explain. 2) Set up the 2X2 contingency table for the data. 3) For this type of study design, what is the appropriate measure to describe the strength of the association between exposure and disease
Inverse Normal Distribution
The method used for finding the corresponding z-critical value in a normal distribution using the known probability is said to be an inverse normal distribution. The inverse normal distribution is a continuous probability distribution with a family of two parameters.
Mean, Median, Mode
It is a descriptive summary of a data set. It can be defined by using some of the measures. The central tendencies do not provide information regarding individual data from the dataset. However, they give a summary of the data set. The central tendency or measure of central tendency is a central or typical value for a probability distribution.
Z-Scores
A z-score is a unit of measurement used in statistics to describe the position of a raw score in terms of its distance from the mean, measured with reference to standard deviation from the mean. Z-scores are useful in statistics because they allow comparison between two scores that belong to different normal distributions.
A study was recently conducted to assess the relationship between miscarriage and heavy alcohol use during the first trimester of pregnancy. Fifty women who suffered miscarriage were enrolled in the study along with 50 women who delivered full-term infants. Each participant’s use of alcohol during their first trimester of pregnancy was ascertained by face-to-face interview. For the purpose of this study, heavy alcohol use was defined as consuming four or more drinks on any one occasion during the first trimester of pregnancy. Study results found that a total of 18 women were heavy alcohol users, 14 among those who suffered a miscarriage. 1) What type of study design was used? Explain. 2) Set up the 2X2
4. A recent study set out to investigate the association between smoking and the development of coronary artery disease (CAD), the leading cause of heart attacks among adults in the US. Upon enrollment in the study, 1,232 adult participants were asked to report whether they had ever smoked more than one pack of cigarettes in the lifetimes. The participants were then examined for the development of CAD once a year for the following twenty years. Examinations found 106 cases of CAD among the 368 participants who had never smoked and 419 cases of CAD among the 864 participants who had ever smoked. 6) What type of study design was used? Explain. 7) Set up the 2X2 contingency table for the data. 8) For this type of study design, what is the appropriate measure to describe the strength of the association between exposure and disease? 9) Calculate the measure identified in question 8. 10) Interpret the measure calculated in question 9.
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