(adapted from Bao, Ông, ..., Mootha, 2016, eLife) negative control Replicate 1 Replicate 2 0.1 u toep-z (a) Carbon groups come in various oxidation states, and enzymes utilize different cofactors to transfer single carbons in these different states. What are the key cofactors involved in single carbon transfer, and which oxidation states do they each recognize? (b) The data indicate that in the cancer cells homocysteine is highly depleted relative to the control cells. What role does homocysteine play in one-carbon metabolism, specifically with respect to two of the cofactors described above? (c) The data also indicate that serine is enriched in the cancer cells relative to the control cells. Given that homocysteine levels are low in the cancer cells, what does the increased abundance of serine suggest about the overall state of amino acid metabolism in the cancer cells? Metabolite abundance (cancer cells / control cells) glutathione(reduced) choline a-glycerophos hate cystath nine alanine lutarate creatin arginine acetylglyci pantother N-carban C44:0 te bamoyl-BAG 1-B-alanir fructose/glucosU,%S OxYcytidine C52-3 TAG oadipate trate 2-amin, Dse socitrate uipun homocysteine homocystine
Electron Transport Chain
The electron transport chain, also known as the electron transport system, is a group of proteins that transfer electrons through a membrane within mitochondria to create a gradient of protons that drives adenosine triphosphate (ATP)synthesis. The cell uses ATP as an energy source for metabolic processes and cellular functions. ETC involves series of reactions that convert redox energy from NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H)) and FADH2(flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)) oxidation into proton-motive force(PMF), which is then used to synthesize ATP through conformational changes in the ATP synthase complex, a process known as oxidative phosphorylation.
Metabolism
Picture a campfire. It keeps the body warm on a cold night and provides light. To ensure that the fire keeps burning, fuel needs to be added(pieces of wood in this case). When a small piece is added, the fire burns bright for a bit and then dies down unless more wood is added. But, if too many pieces are placed at a time, the fire escalates and burns for a longer time, without actually burning away all the pieces that have been added. Many of them, especially the larger chunks or damp pieces, remain unburnt.
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the cellular process involved in the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules from the organic nutritional source obtained from the diet. It is a universal process observed in all types of life forms. The glucose (chemical formula C6H12O6) molecules are the preferred raw material for cell respiration as it possesses a simple structure and is highly efficient in nature.
Step by step
Solved in 2 steps
