Time (h) 1 3 6 12 Mouse thymus cells were treated with 10 micromolar dexamethasone to induce apoptosis. At the indicated times the chromosomal DNA was extracted and analyzed by gel electrophoresis, which separates the DNA fragments based upon size differences. When cells undergo apoptosis their DNA is cut into fragments that are approximately multiples of 200 base pairs. This results in a characteristic “ladder" appearance when the fragments are separated by gel electrophoresis, as shown above. Based upon what you know about eukaryotic chromatin, explain why this pattern of DNA fragments is obtained.

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Immunology

Immunology is the division of science involved with the immune reactions occurring in living organisms. The organisms are accustomed to evolving internal defense mechanisms to evade the invasion of microbial pathogens. Diverse cells are connected with stimulating the immune responses, which produce inhospitable conditions to the microbes prompting their lysis and thus inhibits the multiplication of the pathogens. The immune system can distinguish the pathogens through the aid of cellular intercommunication and launch responses to destroy them.