Question 14 A ten-fold increase in the concentration of sodium ions increases the Tm temperature of DNA by 16.66 °C. What is the mechanism of this process? a. Sodium ions dissociate double-stranded DNA by breaking hydrogen bonds between nitrogen bases. b. The presence of sodium ions increases the stability of double-stranded DNA. c. Sodium ions neutralize negative charges on single-stranded DNA. This increases the re-association reaction rate, thus increasing the Tm of DNA. d. Sodium ions prevent the re-association of single-stranded DNA molecules by forming strong hydrogen bonds with nitrogen bases, decreasing the rate of the re-annealing reaction.

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Mitochondrial Mutations

A mitochondrion is a cellular organelle that serves as the site for cellular respiration and energy production (ATP or Adenosine Triphosphate). It is a double-membrane-bound organelle and is only present in eukaryotic cells.