### Fatty Acid Synthesis Question**Question**: Assume that the following fatty acid is synthesized from acetyl-CoA in the cytosol by fatty acid synthase. Which of the following statements is true?**Diagram Description**:The diagram illustrates a linear fatty acid chain with 16 carbon atoms. The chain is labeled with carbon atoms numbered from 1 to 16. The structure indicates the following features:- The carbon atoms are labeled starting from the terminal carboxyl (COO⁻) group, which is denoted as carbon 1.- The sequence of carbon atoms increases toward the end of the chain, reaching carbon 16 at the other end.**Answer Options**:A. The last two carbon atoms that are added to the fatty acid are carbon atoms #15 and #16.B. Synthesis of the fatty acid needs 8 molecules of NADPH + H⁺.C. Both A and B.D. Neither A nor B.Choose the correct option based on the given fatty acid synthesis pathway and requirements. This question tests your understanding of the synthesis of fatty acids by fatty acid synthase and the utilization of cofactors.

The process of fatty acid synthesis involves several enzymatic reactions and occurs in the cytoplasm…

Answered: 4. Assume that the following fatty acid…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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9. Which of the following statements is/are correct for the shown reaction? A CHg-c-s-col + CO - C-CH₂-C-S-COA A. The reaction occurs in the mitochondria B. The small molecule in box a is GTP C. The reaction is a committed step for fatty acid catabolism D. The reaction requires biotin E. None of the above
8. The structure of citrate is shown below. The carbon atoms in this citrate are numbered 1 to 6. Assume that carbon atoms 1 and 6 are the two carbon atoms to be given off as CO₂ in the citric acid cycle. Which carbon atoms in the shown structure are came from acetyl-CoA? 'COOH 2 CH₂ HO-3³C-COOH I CH₂ 5COOH A. 1 and 2 B. 2 and 3 C. 3 and 6 D. 3 and 4 E. 4 and 5 9. Which of the following statements is/are correct for the shown reaction? 回 CHg-c-s-Con + Co A B A. The reaction occurs in the mitochondria B. The small molecule in box a is GTP C-CH₂-C-S-COA -S-COA C. The reaction is a committed step for fatty acid catabolism D. The reaction requires biotin E. None of the above
14. How many cycles of O-H-O-T would it take to complete the B-oxidation of an 18-C fatty acid? a. 6 b. 7 c. 8 d. 9 15. Which lipid metabolism pathway does NOT involve acetvI-CoA? a. lipogenesis b. ketogenesis c. both a and b d. neither a nor b 16. How is fatty acyl-CoA transported from the cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix? a. via CPT I and II b. via citrate-malate transport system c. via lipoproteins d. via albumin
8. The structure of citrate is shown below. The carbon atoms in this citrate are numbered 1 to 6. Assume that carbon atoms 1 and 6 are the two carbon atoms to be given off as CO₂ in the citric acid cycle. Which carbon atoms in the shown structure are came from acetyl-CoA? 'COOH 21 HO-³C-COOH I HCH₂ 5 COOH A. 1 and 2 B. 2 and 3 C. 3 and 6 D. 3 and 4 E. 4 and 5
2
38. The shown reaction is one of the four repeating steps during fatty acid biosynthesis. Which of the following statements is correct? A B CH₂-2-CH₂-2-5-ACP A. The small molecule in box A is NADPH + H* B. It is the second reduction reaction during fatty acid biosynthesis C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B Он CH3-C-CH₂-C-5-ACP
1. A biological chemist has isolated a sizable amount of a compound acetyl CoA. a. Look up the structure of acetyl CoA and provide a structure. b. The chemist then reacts this species with catalytic amount of acid in water to free CoA (coenzyme A). Using the arrow formalism, draw a sensible mechanism for the hydrolysis.
2. (Part A) Coenzyme-dependent enzymes can catalyze the general transformations shown below. What would be the best coenzymes to use for the two steps in the scheme, and why? R CO₂H A R SCOA B R R
4. The synthesis of fatty acids and their breakdown by Boxidation occur by separate pathways. Compare the two paths by filling in the blanks below. (Some blanks may require more than one answer.) Synthesis Boxidation Thiol activating group Electron carrier coenzyme(s) Basic units added or removed Cellular location of process in mammals
2. If acetyl-CoA is labeled with 14C at its methyl group, how many rounds of the cycle are required before 14CO2 is released? write out the whole pathway until 14CO2 is released.
7. In the ketone body pathway, both acetoacetate and B-hydroxy butyrate are produced and become additional fuel molecules for the organism. a. Define where these molecules are produced (both tissue type and location in the cell) and what tissue they "feed". b. Of these two molecules, which one is considered slightly better in delivering more energy to the target tissue? Why? c. How does acetone, another ketone body, participate in delivering fuel to target tissue? d. If acetoacetate decarboxylase enzyme was mutated and became inactive (zero enzyme activity), how would this affect the ketone pathway during these conditions: į. immediately after a meal, ii. under starvation conditions, iii. during unchecked (not being treated for) type-1 diabetes.
3. Aspartate aminotransferase (AspAT) catalyzes the following reaction: COO™ C=O CH₂ COO Oxaloacetate The AspAT enzyme has two active-site arginines, Arg 386 and Arg 292, that interact with the a- carboxylate and ß-carboxylate groups on the aspartate substrate, respectively. Investigators stud- ied the mechanism of AspAT in more detail by constructing mutant AspAT enzymes in which either or both of the essential arginines were replaced with a lysine residue. The kinetic parame- ters for the wild-type enzyme and nutant enzymes are shown in the table. NH—CH-COO T CH₂ COO™ Aspartate α-Amino acid Enzyme 1. Wild-type Asp AT(Arg 292 Arg 386) 2. Mutant Asp AT(Lys 292 Arg 386) 3. Mutant Asp AT(Arg 292 Lys 386) 4. Mutant Asp AT(Lys 292 Lys 386) Asp-AT a-Keto acid KM (MM) 4 326 72 300 Kcat (S-1) 530 4.5 9.6 0.055 (a) The Michaelis constant is strictly not equivalent to an equilibrium binding constant; however under certain conditions the Michaelis constant does approach the equilibrium (dissoci-…

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