**Understanding Beta-Oxidation of Fatty Acids****Question 17:**The shown reaction is one of the four repeating steps during fatty acid β-oxidation. Which of the following statements is correct for the shown reaction?``` A B | |HO—CH2—C—H—C—C=O CH2—C=O | || -> | || H O | HO—H CH2—C—S—CoA | | HO—C—C=O CO—S—CoA || | || | O HO O HO | | | | HO CoA HO—C—S—CoA O | | HO—H```**Answer Choices:**A. The small molecule in box A is FADB. It is the second oxidation reaction during β-oxidationC. Both A and BD. Neither A nor B**Diagram Illustration:**In the provided chemical reaction, two molecules are indicated by the labels 'A' and 'B':- The molecule in box 'A' is involved in the oxidation process, which facilitates the conversion of the initial molecule to the final product.- The molecule in box 'B' represents the product of this reaction.**Explanation:**In the context of fatty acid β-oxidation, the process typically involves four repeating steps:1. Dehydrogenation, catalyzed by acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, producing FADH2.2. Hydration, catalyzed by enoyl-CoA hydratase.3. Dehydrogenation, this time catalyzed by β-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, producing NADH.4. Thiolysis, catalyzed by thiolase, generating one acetyl-CoA and a shortened acyl-CoA.In this reaction:- **Box A** likely contains NAD+ (not FAD) as the coenzyme that is reduced to NADH, signifying the second dehydrogenation step in β-oxidation.- **Box B** represents the product oxidized from the original molecule, indicating the conversion relation between the reactants and products.**Conclusion:**Based on the understanding of the β

Fatty acid β-oxidation is a multistep process by which fatty acids are broken down by various…

Answered: 17. The shown reaction is one of the…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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8. The structure of citrate is shown below. The carbon atoms in this citrate are numbered 1 to 6. Assume that carbon atoms 1 and 6 are the two carbon atoms to be given off as CO₂ in the citric acid cycle. Which carbon atoms in the shown structure are came from acetyl-CoA? 'COOH 2 CH₂ HO-3³C-COOH I CH₂ 5COOH A. 1 and 2 B. 2 and 3 C. 3 and 6 D. 3 and 4 E. 4 and 5 9. Which of the following statements is/are correct for the shown reaction? 回 CHg-c-s-Con + Co A B A. The reaction occurs in the mitochondria B. The small molecule in box a is GTP C-CH₂-C-S-COA -S-COA C. The reaction is a committed step for fatty acid catabolism D. The reaction requires biotin E. None of the above
2. Draw the reactions catabolizing the amino acid valine into isobutryl-CoA, specifically one transamination reaction (for which you do not need to show the mechanism) and one dehydrogenation reaction (which is analogous to the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction mechanism, and for which you need to show the mechanism using arrow pushing and including the relevant cofactors). Note: Beyond the importance of these reactions for human health, this pathway is used industrially in the production of isobutanol, an important biofuel. NH3 SCOA valine isobutyryl-CoA
8. The structure of citrate is shown below. The carbon atoms in this citrate are numbered 1 to 6. Assume that carbon atoms 1 and 6 are the two carbon atoms to be given off as CO₂ in the citric acid cycle. Which carbon atoms in the shown structure are came from acetyl-CoA? 'COOH 21 HO-³C-COOH I HCH₂ 5 COOH A. 1 and 2 B. 2 and 3 C. 3 and 6 D. 3 and 4 E. 4 and 5
38. The shown reaction is one of the four repeating steps during fatty acid biosynthesis. Which of the following statements is correct? A B CH₂-2-CH₂-2-5-ACP A. The small molecule in box A is NADPH + H* B. It is the second reduction reaction during fatty acid biosynthesis C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B Он CH3-C-CH₂-C-5-ACP
1. A biological chemist has isolated a sizable amount of a compound acetyl CoA. a. Look up the structure of acetyl CoA and provide a structure. b. The chemist then reacts this species with catalytic amount of acid in water to free CoA (coenzyme A). Using the arrow formalism, draw a sensible mechanism for the hydrolysis.
2. (Part A) Coenzyme-dependent enzymes can catalyze the general transformations shown below. What would be the best coenzymes to use for the two steps in the scheme, and why? R CO₂H A R SCOA B R R
2. Regarding the glycolysis metabolic pathways covered in class: A. In the EMP metabolic pathway, what chemical is produced by anabolism of pyruvate? (1 step away) B. There are two products of step 4 in the EMP pathway. If they were not phosphorylated, how would you describe these as monosaccharides (for example, an aldohexose and a ketopentose)? C. In the TCA Cycle, what chemical is produced by catabolism of isocitrate? (1 step away) D. Describe the major differences between primary, secondary and partial oxidation metabolism in terms of (i) cell growth rate, (ii) oxygen consumption rate, and (iii) products formed.
10. Mention the Clinical Applications of Beta oxidation of fatty acids?
2. Which statement is NOT true of the reaction producing malonyl-CoA during fatty acid synthesis? It is stimulated by citrate. It requires acyl carrier protein (ACP). It requires CO2 (or bicarbonate). One mole of ATP is converted to ADP + Pi for each malonyl-CoA synthesized. The cofactor is biotin.
7. In the ketone body pathway, both acetoacetate and B-hydroxy butyrate are produced and become additional fuel molecules for the organism. a. Define where these molecules are produced (both tissue type and location in the cell) and what tissue they "feed". b. Of these two molecules, which one is considered slightly better in delivering more energy to the target tissue? Why? c. How does acetone, another ketone body, participate in delivering fuel to target tissue? d. If acetoacetate decarboxylase enzyme was mutated and became inactive (zero enzyme activity), how would this affect the ketone pathway during these conditions: į. immediately after a meal, ii. under starvation conditions, iii. during unchecked (not being treated for) type-1 diabetes.
3. Answer the following questions about the metabolic pathway shown below: glutamate dehydrogenase e NH3 0-C-C-cH2-CH2-C- 0-C-CH-CH2-CH2-C-O + H,O + NAD + NH + NADH + H (a) Label the correct substances as the substrate, enzyme, and co-enzyme. (b) Which of the six classes does the enzyme of this reaction belong to? Why? (c) What is the name of the first molecule in this reaction? (d) Which metabolic pathway is this reaction likely to be a part of? A. glycolysis B. deamination C. beta-oxidation D. fermentation
11. Write the mechanism of all three enzymatic steps of the a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, indicating which steps occur in which enzyme (E1, E2, E3) active sites.

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