23. In the metabolic pathway, what will happen if youcreate a bacterium X that carries a mutation makingenzyme III inactive? Assuming each bacterium onlycarries a single copy of the gene for each enzyme.Enzyme Enzyme Enzyme EnzymeA- B CIVX will require external source of C to survive.The culture medium of X will have a lot of molecule BC. Culture filtrate of X will allow another mutant with adefective enzyme II to grow.DX cannot make enzyme IV.X can still make E from A.

The Metabolic Pathway: The image shows a metabolic pathway where enzymes I, II, III, and IV…

Answered: 23. In the metabolic pathway, what will…

Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Course List)

11th Edition

ISBN:9781305251052

Author:Michael Cummings

Publisher:Michael Cummings

Chapter9: Gene Expression And Gene Regulation

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1CS: There have been recurring cases of mad-cow disease in the United Kingdom since the mid-1990s....

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Recently, scientists discovered that a rare disorder called polkadotism is caused by a bacterial strain, polkadotiae. Mice injected with this strain (P) develop polka dots on their skin. Heat-killed P bacteria and live D bacteria, a nonvirulent strain, do not produce polka dots when injected separately into mice. However, when a mixture of heat-killed P cells and live D cells were injected together, the mice developed polka dots. What process explains this result? Describe what is happening in the mouse to cause this outcome.
Antibiotics and Protein Synthesis Antibiotics are molecules produced by microorganisms as defense mechanisms. The most effective antibiotics work by interfering with essential biochemical or reproductive processes. Many antibiotics block or disrupt one or more stages in protein synthesis. Some of these are mentioned here. Tetracyclines are a family of chemically related compounds used to treat several types of bacterial infections. Tetracyclines interfere with the initiation of translation. The tetracycline molecule attaches to the small ribosomal subunit and prevents binding of the tRNA anticodon during initiation. Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes are sensitive to the action of tetracycline, but this antibiotic cannot pass through the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells. Because tetracycline can enter bacterial cells to inhibit protein synthesis, it will stop bacterial growth, helping the immune system fight the infection. Streptomycin is used in hospitals to treat serious bacterial infections. It binds to the small ribosomal subunit but does not prevent initiation or elongation; however, it does affect the efficiency of protein synthesis. Binding of streptomycin changes the way mRNA codons interact with the tRNA. As a result, incorrect amino acids are incorporated into the growing polypeptide chain, producing nonfunctional proteins. In addition, streptomycin causes the ribosome to randomly fall off the mRNA, preventing the synthesis of complete proteins. Puromycin is not used clinically but has played an important role in studying the mechanism of protein synthesis in the research laboratory. The puromycin molecule is the same size and shape as a tRNA/amino acid complex. When puromycin enters the ribosome, it can be incorporated into a growing polypeptide chain, stopping further synthesis because no peptide bond can be formed between puromycin and an amino acid, causing the shortened polypeptide to fall off the ribosome. Chloramphenicol was one of the first broadspectrum antibiotics introduced. Eukaryotic cells are resistant to its actions, and it was widely used to treat bacterial infections. However, its use is limited to external applications and serious infections. Chloramphenicol destroys cells in the bone marrow, the source of all blood cells. In bacteria, this antibiotic binds to the large ribosomal subunit and inhibits the formation of peptide bonds. Another antibiotic, erythromycin, also binds to the large ribosomal subunit and inhibits the movement of ribosomes along the mRNA. Almost every step of protein synthesis can be inhibited by one antibiotic or another. Work on designing new synthetic antibiotics to fight infections is based on our knowledge of how the nucleotide sequence of mRNA is converted into the amino acid sequence of a protein. Questions Why are antibiotics ineffective in treating the common cold and other virus infections?
When Griffith injected mice with a combination of live rough-strain and heat-killed smooth-strain pneumococci, he discovered that (a) the mice were unharmed (b) the dead mice contained living rough-strain bacteria (c) the dead mice contained living smooth-strain bacteria (d) DNA had been transferred from the smooth-strain bacteria to the mice (e) DNA had been transferred from the rough-strain bacteria to the smooth-strain bacteria
Bacteriophages kill their host quickly by ______ . a. binary fission b. a lytic pathway c. a lysogenic pathway d. transformation
Biopharming: Making Human Proteins in Animals Making human proteins to treat diseases in animal and plant hosts offers several advantages over extracting those proteins from human and animal sources. What are some of those advantages?
Figure 16.5 In E. coli, the tip operon is on by default, while the lac operon is off. Why do you think that this is the case?
Which of the following is not correct for bacterial conjugation? a. Both Hfr and F+ bacteria have the ability to code for a sex pilus. b. After an F- cell has conjugated with an F+, its plasmid holds the F+ factor. c. The recipient cell is Hfr following conjugation. d. In an HfrF- conjugation, DNA of the main chromosomemoves to a recipient cell. e. Genes on the F factor encode proteins of the sex pilus.
Reverse transcriptase assembles an ________ on an _______ template. a. mRNA; DNA c. DNA; ribosome b. cDNA; mRNA d. protein; mRNA
A binding site for RNA polymerase is called a ________. a. gene c. codon b. promoter d. protein
Figure 4.10 Enzymes, temperature, and pH. Each enzyme works best within a characteristic range of conditionsgenerally the same environmental conditions in which the enzyme normally occurs. Figure It Out: At what temperature does the E.coli DNA polymerase work fastest?
Penicillin, an antibiotic, inhibits the formation of cross-links between sugar groups in peptidoglycan. Bacteria treated with penicillin should be: a. acrobic. b. anaerobic. c. Gram-negative. d. Gram-positive. e. flagellated.
HersheyChase Experiments The graph shown in FIGURE 8.5 is reproduced from an original 1952 publication by Hershey and Chase. Bacteriophage were labeled with radioactive tracers and allowed 10 infect bacteria. The virusbacteria mixtures were then whirled in a blender to dislodge any viral components attached to the exterior of the bacteria. Afterward, radioactivity from the tracers was measured. FIGURE 8.5 Detail of Alfred Hershey and Martha Chases 1952 publication describing their experiments with bacteriophage. Infected bacteria refers to the percentage of bacteria that survived the blender. Before blending what percentage of each isotope. 35S and 32P, was extracellular (outside the bacteria)?

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