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- 1. Which G protein activates Phospholipase C (PLC)? 2. What phospholipid does PLC cleave to produce second messengers? 3. What are the properties of these 2 second messengers? 4. Which second messenger opens a ligand gated ion channel in the ER? 5. Which hydrophobic second messenger activates protein kinase C? 6. Which hydrophilic second messenger activates protein kinase C by increasing cytosolic Ca2+ levels which allows Ca2+ to bind to PKC? Kinases 2 Phosphatidylinositol (PI) PI 3-kinase PLC PI 4,5-bis-phosphate (PI-4,5-bisP) Plasma membrane cog Diacylglycerol (DAG) Inositol 1,4,5-tris-phosphate (IP3) Second messengers PI 3,4,5-tris-phosphate (PI-3,4,5-trisP) domains 000 Docking site for pleckstrin homology Cell membrane PIP 20 Phospholipase C cleavage IP 3 VIVAL ER membrane 00 Calcium ion iii DAG Calcium ion Figure 13.12 Biochemistry, Third Edition 2015 W.H. Freeman and Company Diacylglycerol (DAG) Protein kinase C IP 3 receptor MY 99 Cytoplasm1A. If Creb upregulates gene T with acetylcholine stimulation, what happens to T when cAMP phosphodiesterase is always active compared to normal? 1B. If Creb normally upregulates expression of gene Y with adrenaline stimulation, what happens to gene Y if PKA has a nonfunctional NLS compared to normal signaling? Choices are: A. Stays the same B. Decreased expression C. Increased expression10-In GPCR signaling, the cleavage of PIP2 results in IP3 and: A. DAG B. CAMP C. Calcium D. Phospholipase C 11-Which of the following is a second messenger involved in alpha-adrenergic receptor signaling in liver cells: A) Glucagon B) cyclic AMP C) Calcium ions D) CO2 gas 12-Which of the following is a second messenger produced by the cleavage of PIP2 in GPCR signaling in liver cells: A. Protein kinase B. CAMP C. IP3 D. Phospholipase C 13-Which statement explains the involvement of apoptosis in Alzheimer disease? A. Apoptosis failure causes Alzheimer B. Alzheimer is caused by the death of all brain cells but not neurons. C. Alzheimer is caused by apoptosis activation in neuronal cells. D. None of brain diseases is related to apoptosis 14-Which of the following should be inhibited to block the release of calcium mediated by GPCR signaling from the endoplasmic reticulum? A. Protein kinase B. Phosphatase C. Adenylyl cyclase D. Phospholipase C 15-One of the following is an example of the…
- Researchers have found that a certain signal transduction pathway, illustrated in the figure below, may be responsible for the development of cancer in pancreatic cells. In normal pancreatic cells, where the pathway remains inactive, a membrane-bound receptor called Ptc inhibits a downstream protein known as Smo. The inhibition of Smo blocks the activa- tion of a complex of proteins known as the HSC, which results in the cleaving of one of its proteins called Ci. The cleaving of Ci, in turn, prevents the pathway from initiating the syn- thesis of division-facilitating enzymes. A Ptc B Smo с inhibition D A model of a Ptc signal transduction pathway under normal conditions. HSC Ci cleavage A certain protein called the Hedgehog protein (Hh) is found to activate this signal transduction pathway and trigger uninterruptable cell division. cell division not initiated Which of the following describes the most plausible mechanism by which Hh triggers uninterruptable cell division? Hh binds to…3) The sex of some reptiles, including the American alligator, is determined by the temperature at which the eggs are incubated. For example, incubating them at 33°C produces mostly males, while incubation at 30°C produces mostly females.Scientists recently discovered a thermosensor protein, TRPV4, that is associated with this process in American alligators. TRPV4 is activated by temperatures near the mid-30s, and increases the movement of calcium ions into certain cells involved with sex determination. The results of this scientific investigation will most likely lead other scientists to hypothesize that * human sex cells also contain the TRPV4 protein 0) the TRPV4 protein affects the growth of plants other reptiles may have the TRPV4 protein in their eggs the TRPV4 protein is present in all of the foods eaten by alligatorsIt is important for the cell to be able to terminate responses, and diminish responsiveness to prevent overstimulation. Cells have different mechanisms for this. One such mechanism is receptor down regulation. a.) Down regulation describes a decrease in the availability of hormones or neurotransmitters that bind to receptors on the surface of target cells, making the cells less likely to be stimulated. b.) Down regulation describes glycosylation of receptor proteins receptors on the surface of target cells in order to decrease the selectivity of ligand binding, making the cells less sensitive to a hormone or neurotransmitter. c.) Down regulation describes a decrease in the number of receptors on the surface of target cells, making the cells less sensitive to a hormone or neurotransmitter.
- For each of the following situations, provide a plausible explanation for how it could lead to unrestricted cell division.(a) Colon cancer cells often contain mutations in the gene encoding the prostaglandin E2 receptor. PGE2 is a growth factor required for the division of cells in the gastrointestinal tract.(b) Kaposi sarcoma, a common tumor in people with untreated AIDS, is caused by a virus carrying a gene for a protein similar to the chemokine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2. Chemokines are cell-specific growth factors.(c) Adenovirus, a tumor virus, carries a gene for the protein E1A, which binds to the retinoblastoma protein, pRb. (d) An important feature of many oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes is their celltype specificity. For example, mutations in the PGE2 receptor are not typically found in lung tumors. Explain this observation. (Note that PGE2 acts through a GPCR in the plasma membrane.)Activation of certain GPCRs triggers an intracellular signaling mechanism that involves activation of adenlyl cyclase and an increase of cAMP. Which of the following statements best describes the the events that follow such a cAMP increase? a.) The cAMP increase leads to activation of protein kinase C. b.) The cAMP increase leads to activation of the release of the gamma subunit from the GPCR. c.) The cAMP increase leads to activation of protein kinase A.12. Which statement regarding cell-surface receptors is correct? A) lon-channel-coupled receptors alter the membrane potential directly by changing the permeability of the plasma membrane. B) G-protein-coupled receptors are polypeptides with seven transmembrane domains. C) After binding their ligand, G-protein-coupled receptors interact with intracellular GTP-binding proteins, later initiating signal transduction events. D) All of the above E) None of the above Answer: Explanation:
- You wish to find the cis-acting regulatory DNA elements responsible for the transcriptional responses of two genes, c-fos and globin. Transcription of the c-fos gene is activated in response to fibroblast growth factor (FGF), but it is inhibited by cortisol (Cort). On the other hand, transcription of the globin gene is not affected by either FGF or cortisol, but it is stimulated by the hormone erythropoietin (EP). To find the cis-acting regulatory DNA elements responsible for these transcriptional responses, you use the following clones of the c-fos and globin genes, as well as two “hybrid” combinations (fusion genes), as shown in the diagram below. The letter A represents the intact c-fos gene, D represents the intact globin gene, and B and C represent the c-fos–globin gene fusions. The c-fos and globin exons (E) and introns (I) are numbered. For example, E3(f) is the third exon of the c-fos gene and I2(g) is the second intron of the globin gene. (These labels are provided to help you…Which of the following statements is false?a) A derivative of lactose serves as an inducer of the lac operon.b) Signal transduction provides a mechanism for a cell to sense the conditions of its external environment.c) Quorum sensing allows bacterial cells to sense the density of like cells.d) An example of a two-component regulatory system is the lactoseoperon, which is controlled by a repressor and an activator.e) An ORF is a stretch of DNA that may encode a protein.7. The following happens when a G-protein-coupled receptor activates a G protein? A. The B subunit exchanges its bound GDP for GTP. B. The GDP bound to the a subunit is phosphorylated to form bound GTP. C. The a subunit exchanges its bound GDP for GTP. D. It activates the a subunit and inactivates the By complex. 8. Which of the following statements is true? A. MAP kinase is important for phosphorylating MAP kinase kinase. B. PI 3-kinase phosphorylates a lipid in the plasma membrane C. Ras becomes activated when an RTK phosphorylates its bound GDP to create GTP D. STAT proteins phosphorylate JAK proteins, which then enter the nucleus and activate gene transcription 9. A cell can crawl through a tissue because of the proteins that can transmembrane bind to fibronectin outside of the cell. A. Integrin B. Collagen C. Gap junction D. Claudin 10. Which of the following genetic changes cannot convert a proto-oncogene into an oncogene A. A mutation that introduces a stop codon immediately…