Part 1: Individual Muscle Fatigue DataEach person needs to perform trials 1-5 for part 1. Measure the effect of muscle fatigue.(as fast as you can) at a constant rate, making sure the ball is as squished as possible with each repetition.1.Place the tennis ball in your writing hand. When the timekeeper says "Go!" begin to squeeze the ball rapidly2. Perform a 5 second trial run and fill in your hypothesis for the average for the 3 trials.3. Count the number of squeezes made every 10 seconds. The timekeeper will give some signal every 10seconds so that the recorder can begin the squeeze count over.(example- First 10 seconds- 15 squeezes; Second 10 seconds- 13 squeezes, etc.)4. Continue for 60 seconds.5. Rest for 1 minute and repeat the procedure for two more trials.6. Trial 4- perform with your non-dominant hand.7. Trial 5- perform with your dominant hand after a 2 minute ice bath.5 Second Trial RunTime1st 10 Second Interval2nd 10 Second Interval3rd 10 Second IntervalTotal4th 10 Second Interval5th 10 Second Interval6th 10 Second IntervalTrial1252511-리191719126Trial 236303438261918360 Second HypothesisTrial 3312930191510134Trial 4 (nondominant hand)303020191817134Trial 5 (ice)232323211919128141Dominant 1-3 Trial Average1. What are the components needed for cellular respiration to occur? What are the products of cellularrespiration? (Think back to biochemistry- where does the ATP/energy we get come from?)

Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of…

Answered: 1. What are the components needed for…

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)

11th Edition

ISBN:9780134580999

Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...

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1. Many bacteria and other organisms can live without oxygen. What steps of cellular respiration do you think they carry out? How do you think their energy demands compare to those of cells in the human brain?
3.
4. In cellular respiration we have learned 3 different instances when the ATP cycle (ATP/ADP + Pi) is involved in a reaction; a) phosphorylation (ATP hydrolysis) b) substrate-level phosphorylation c) oxidative phosphorylation. Explain each type of phosphorylation below (use an example if this helps your explanation), being sure that you briefly describe how REDOX plays a role in each. Finally, give the specific location(s) in the cell where each kind of phosphorylation occurs.
7. In the ketone body pathway, both acetoacetate and B-hydroxy butyrate are produced and become additional fuel molecules for the organism. a. Define where these molecules are produced (both tissue type and location in the cell) and what tissue they "feed". b. Of these two molecules, which one is considered slightly better in delivering more energy to the target tissue? Why? c. How does acetone, another ketone body, participate in delivering fuel to target tissue? d. If acetoacetate decarboxylase enzyme was mutated and became inactive (zero enzyme activity), how would this affect the ketone pathway during these conditions: į. immediately after a meal, ii. under starvation conditions, iii. during unchecked (not being treated for) type-1 diabetes.
1. All oxygen inhaled by animals and transported around their bodies is destined for specific locations in the body. Once oxygen reaches protein complex IV of the electron transport chain (ETC) it begins its vital task of pulling electrons away from protein complex IV. In short, a set of chain reactions are triggered at protein complex IV. From here 2 electrons are taken from complex III, which then takes two electrons from complex II, or l. a) Use a diagram and your own words to describe how a proton-motive force created by the ETC generates ATP. Make sure you label your diagram correctly and include; inner mitochondrial membrane, hydrogen ions, ADP, P, intermembrane space, ATP synthase, mitochondrial matrix, and ATP.
20. Under a normal metabolic rate which of the following compounds is the most energy rich? Glucose-6-phospate. GTP. NADH. ATP. FADH2.
Describe with a summary picture the aerobic respiration from glucose (CHO) all the way to Co2 and water. Highlight, with yellow the flow of H (and then electrons and protons) and in red the ATP Include: inner membrane, outer membrane, matrix, intermembrane space glycolisis, Krebs cycle (citirc acid), e.t.c. (oxidative phosphorilation) ATP synthase, NADH dehydrogenase complex, cyt b-c1complex, cyt oxidase complex, ubiquinone, cytochrome-c glucose, pyruvate, acetyl-Co-A, H2O, O2, CO2, NADH, NAD+, FADH2, e-, H+, ATP, ADP +Pi direction of the arrows, inner membrane potential, gradient of protons, inner membrane transporters, outer membrane porins
5. Patients suffering from Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH) can carry a mutation in one of several genes. Two of these genes are ApoB and PCSK9. a. Diagram the normal cholesterol sensing pathway for a healthy person. This should be focused on the molecules that handle cholesterol and that regulate cholesterol production, NOT on patient symptoms. b. On your diagram indicate where a mutation in Apoß disrupts cholesterol sensing. Then write a paragraph or two explaining how cholesterol sensing is specifically disrupted in patients with an ApoB mutation. c. On your diagram indicate where a mutation in PCSK9 disrupts cholesterol sensing. Then write a paragraph or two explaining how cholesterol sensing is specifically disrupted in patients with PCSK9 mutation.
7. What does aerobic mean vs anaerobic? 8. Using words and symbols, write the overall equation for cellular respiration.
1. Does glycolysis take place in the presence of oxygen? Why or why not?
3. Explain the total (net) yield of ATP from Aerobic respiration in three of the different stages of cellular respiration (Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain). Pyruvate oxidation or the Link reactions does not make ATP. In other words, how many total ATP energy molecules are produced in each cycle and which steps in the different cycles make the ATP. Explain the yield in reference to the overall cellular respiration Equation.

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1. What are the components needed for cellular respiration to occur? What are the products of cellular respiration? (Think back to biochemistry- where does the ATP/energy we get come from?)