6. Students carry out a laboratory experiment with avidin (a protein in egg white)having a very high affinity for biotin enzymes. Which enzyme of glucosemetabolism would be inhibited by the addition of avidin to a cell homogenate?For answer:a) draw a reaction that would be blocked by the addition of avidin to a cellhomogenate;b) write a diagram of the carbohydrate metabolism in which this reaction takesplace.

Answered: Image /qna-images/answer/5d0584cb-b1ea-41ef-a539-0c72d1431c8e.jpg

Answered: 6. Students carry out a laboratory…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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Which of the following describes a purpose for the function of phosphoglucoisomerase? a) allows for phosphorylation for trapping the molecule in the cell b)promotes substrate level phosphorylation and formation of ATP c) allows formation of a primary alcohol necessary for the next step of phosphorylation d)facilitates epimerization, the change in stereochemistry at one chiral carbon
1. Why is the chemical logic behind the phosphorylation of glucose by hexokinase? a. So that we end the preparatory phase with 2 3-carbon compounds. b. to provide a substrate for phosphohexose isomerase. c. "Locks" Glucose in the cell. d. to decrease the ΔG of the next reaction. 2. What type of reaction does glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase catalyze? a. isomerization b. group transfer c. oxidation d. dehydration
1. 65 years old woman with low physical activity got the excess carbohydrates (about 400 g daily) for several years. The laboratory value of total cholesterol in serum blood was 260 mg/dl. Why the excess consumption of carbohydrates can cause hypercholesterolemia? To answer the question: a) compare the cholesterol concentration in the serum blood of the patient with the normal range; b) draw the schemes of the metabolic pathways confirming that overeating of carbohydrates can result in hypercholesterolemia; c) draw the scheme of the cholesterol synthesis regulation; d) give your prescriptions for the diet and treatment of the patient.
3. (a) White asparagus (as opposed to green asparagus) is typically grown under a layer of mulch in the dark. Would you expect this plant to have high or low levels of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate. Explain your answer. (b) Another variety of asparagus has increased concentrations of anthocyanin, a pigment that appears purple in color. What could be an advantage for this plant over green asparagus? (c) Purple asparagus also tastes slightly sweeter than the other two other varieties. Based on what you know about carbon fixation in plants, what could be the reason for this flavor?
15
10. The first reaction in glycolysis is the phosphorylation of glucose: Pi + Glucose → Glucose-6-phosphate This is a thermodynamically unfavorable process with AGº = +13.8 kJ/mol. In a liver cell at 37 °C the concentration of both phosphate and glucose are normally maintained at about 5 mM each. The equilibrium concentration of glucose-6-phosphate according to the above data is: A. 1.18 x107 B. 8.50 x 104 C. 4.25 x 105 D. 2.21 x 10s E. 1.38 x 108 F. 3.02 X 103 G. 6.75 x 10-6 H. 4.08 x 10 I. 9.15 x106
4. The reaction shown below is part of the glycolytic pathway. The standard free energy change for this reaction is +0.4 kcal'mol. Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) > Fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) A) What is K,' for this reaction at 25°C?
5. During prolonged fasting, amino acids derived from muscle proteins and connective tissue become the main substrate for gluconcogenesis. How does glutamate enter the gluconeogenesis? For answer: a) write a reaction of the glutamate conversion into a-ketoglutarate, name the enzyme, indicate the encrgy effect of the reaction; b) draw a diagram for the a-ketoglutarate conversion to oxaloacetate and consequent including of OAA to gluconcogenesis, specify the reactions associated with ATP consumption; c) name the hormones that accelerate gluconeogenesis during fasting and regulatory enzymes of the process; and describe the mechanism of signal transduction by these hormones.
2. Draw the ringed form of D-glucose with the following modifications: (a) Convert to sugar acid at C-6. Name this one! (b) What if that molecule is modified to ALSO have a -COOH at carbon 1? Draw its Fisher projection and what it is named? (c) How might the COOH group(s) lead to new chemical functionality?
8. Hypercholesterolemia is a frequent complication of diabetes mellitus in patients with prolonged hyperglycemia. Why a high level of glucose in blood causes hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis? For the answer explain: a) how glucose can interact with the proteins and the consequences of this reaction for the proteins; b) glycation of which proteins results in hypercholesterolemia; c) possible causes and complications of hypercholesterolemia.
2. Provide a short phrase or word to anwer each of the following: (a) What is the organ where glycogen is stored in humans? (b) What type of enzyme digests carbohydrates? (c) What is the name of the pathway that corresponds to Stage 2 for lipids? (d) Name the pathway that corresponds to Stage 3, assuming aerobic conditions (e) Name the pathway that transforms pyruvate into ethanol and carbon dioxide (f) What is the number of reactions in glycolysis? (g) What is the net gain of ATP in glycolysis? (h) Name the product when pyruvate is metabolized anaerobically.
8. In patients with diabetes mellitus type 1, the biochemical disorders result from changes in fuel metabolism. One of these signs is acidosis, Explain why such patients have a deviation of blood pH from the norm? For this 9. b) write the reactions of synthesis and oxidation of these molecules, name the enzymes, coenzymes, reaction localization: X

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