Driver Nadine_M4_Critical Analysis Paper 1

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Nadine Driver NBD41@Scarletmail.Rutgers.edu CRITICAL ANALYSIS PAPER #1 Social Change

Critical Analysis Paper #1: Social Change Introduction The prevalence of violence is observed globally in several different shapes and forms. Violence in adulthood often varies by situation but several theories were provided in lectures to explain why violence occurs in adulthood. The theories reviewed were categorized into two main classes: micro-oriented theories and macro-oriented theories. Micro-oriented theories include theories such as Psychobiological Theory, Resource Theory, and Social Learning Theory (King, 2012) . Additionally, Macro-oriented theories include the Feminist Theory, Family System Theory, and Gender Norms Theory (King, 2012) . Micro-oriented theories focus on micro levels such as the individual or a small group of individuals and the interactions among them. Whereas Macro-oriented theories focus more on macro levels such as individuals' and groups' interaction with society on a larger scale. This essay will discuss both the occurrence of violence and aggression. The World Health Organization defines violence as “the intentional use of force or power” (Burelimova, Gulina, & Tikhomandritskaya, 2018) . Bandura describes aggression as any physical or psychological behavior that results in damage to another individual or property (Flynn & Mathias, 2023) . In this essay, I will explain why Social Learning Theory and the Ecological Model Theory are the best theories to explain the occurrence of violence and abuse during adulthood. Both the Social Learning Theory and Ecological Model Theory draw from an individual's experience within their environment. Social Learning Theory was classified as a micro-oriented theory, whereas, the Ecological Model was classified as a macro-oriented theory. Ecological Systems Theory 1

Critical Analysis Paper #1: Social Change Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Model is one of the most accepted theories used to understand violence by explaining how an individual's social environment can influence their development (Napoli, Procentese, Carnevale, & Esposito, 2019) . Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory in regard to violence and aggression asserts that there are four levels that are responsible for the outcome of violence. The World Health Organization reports that the Ecological Systems Model is the most widely used for understanding violence interacting on four levels (Burelimova, Gulina, & Tikhomandritskaya, 2018) . Those four levels include the individual, relationship, community, and societal factors. The initial level is the individual. At this level biological factors are evaluated to determine the likelihood of becoming either a victim or perpetrator of violence (Burelimova, Gulina, & Tikhomandritskaya, 2018) . Next, the second level evaluates relationships that may increase the likelihood of becoming either a victim or perpetrator of violence (Burelimova, Gulina, & Tikhomandritskaya, 2018) . Then we assess the community’s protective and risk factors at the third level (Burelimova, Gulina, & Tikhomandritskaya, 2018) . Lastly at the fourth level, the factors present within society are assessed to determine whether they support or reject violence (Burelimova, Gulina, & Tikhomandritskaya, 2018) . Opposed to examining violence one occurrence at a time, the Ecological Systems Theory allows for practitioners to understand how individuals are impacted by violence at different levels simultaneously (Flynn & Mathias, 2023) . This examination allows for more holistic interventions to be enacted. Social Learning Theory Albert Bandura reported that children are more likely to do what we do than what we tell them to do (Cosme, 2021) . This is very similar to a childhood saying my mother used to quote, which was “Do as I say, and not as I do.” Bandura developed the Social Learning Theory, which states that social behavior is learned primarily through imitating and observing other individuals 2

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Critical Analysis Paper #1: Social Change (King, 2012) . This theory in regard to aggression and violence states that violent behaviors are learned through interactions with others. Bandura demonstrated how this theory of Social Learning was able to explain violence when he conducted a very prominent social experiment in the 1970s known as the “Bobo Doll Experiment (Leff, Tulleners, & Posner, 2019) .” In the experiment, Bandura observed the behaviors of children after watching an adult act violently toward a doll. This experiment concluded that the children in this experiment learned aggressive behaviors that they demonstrated from observing others, most likely authority figures, act aggressively toward the doll when the children believed the behavior was acceptable (Leff, Tulleners, & Posner, 2019) . Thus, this theory can be used to explain how interactions between the individual and their social environment are influential in developing violent behaviors. For example, concentrated exposure to domestic violence, community violence, or other forms of violence negatively influences an individual to engage in similar violent behaviors as those being observed. A Comprehensive Perspective The integration of ecological systems theory and social learning theory allows for a more nuanced understanding of the prevalence of violence and abuse in adulthood. Bandura’s Social Learning Theory highlights the importance of observational learning, explaining how individuals are able to acquire violent behaviors through imitation and modeling (Eckhardt & Massa, 2021) . On the contrary, Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory provides additional depth to this understanding by highlighting the complex influence of various environmental systems on these learned behaviors (Flynn & Mathias, 2023) . As mentioned in the introduction, the Social Learning Theory is classified as a micro-oriented theory, which means this theory has a focus on individuals and their interactions with other individuals. Whereas, the Ecological Systems 3

Critical Analysis Paper #1: Social Change Theory is classified as a macro-oriented theory, which means this theory focuses on the individuals’ interaction within their environmental systems. Combined together, these theories provide a complete comprehensive framework that recognizes the interaction between individual cognition, behavior, and the ecological systems that have the influence to shape and perpetuate violence and abuse within adulthood through various social environments and relationships. These two theories, therefore, complement each other by explaining how learned behaviors within the social learning framework can be either reinforced or adapted by the environmental contexts and systems outlined by ecological systems theory (Burelimova, Gulina, & Tikhomandritskaya, 2018) . Critiques and Limitations of Social Learning Theory & Ecological System Theory Both of the theories discussed in the essay relate to the learned experiences from interpersonal interactions and examining the client in relation to their environment. Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory asserts that observation and imitation are the primary roles in how people learn. His research suggests that we learn from interacting with other individuals and we begin to assimilate and imitate what we have observed when that behavior is observed receiving reinforcement (Cosme, 2021) . One major limitation of this theory is that it does not account for the biological influences on behavior such as puberty, hormones, genetics, etc (Leff, Tulleners, & Posner, 2019) . Thus, no emphasis is placed on the mutual interaction between the individual’s environment and biological factors to determine how one learns. Additionally, this theory focuses on observation, assimilation, and imitation. However, there is no focus placed on the large range of thoughts and feelings that also influence behavior (Leff, Tulleners, & Posner, 2019) . Additionally, more research needs to be done on the connection between the role of media 4

Critical Analysis Paper #1: Social Change and social learning. The Ecological Systems Theory proposed by Bronfenbrenner is a useful model in better understanding the rationale of individual behavior. Bronfenbrenner asserts that an individual is impacted by the several interplay layers of their environment (Flynn & Mathias, 2023) . Bronfenbrenner highlights individual differences as strengths in his theory. Nonetheless, this theory can lead to assumptions that without a positive environment, a positive influence is almost impossible (Espelage, 2014) . Conversely, this theory asserts a violent environment will certainly result in aggressive or violent individuals. Social Work Implications Social workers could use Bandura’s theory of Social Learning to develop more positive behavioral models to have individuals observe and imitate. This could be useful to correct negative or aggressive behaviors learned from observation. Additionally, research supports the idea that observing or describing negative consequences to behavior such as fighting, theft, or other violent behaviors can be reinforced negatively to increase more appropriate behaviors and interactions. Because the ecological system is considered a macro-oriented theory it deals with a larger scale population. This theory is centralized on the interdependence of individuals with the surrounding social environments. Social workers should ensure that a comprehensive and holistic assessment is completed to understand how each system affects the individual. 5

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Critical Analysis Paper #1: Social Change References Burelimova, A., Gulina, M., & Tikhomandritskaya, O. (2018). Intimate Partner Violence: An Overview of the Existing Theories, Conceptual Framworks, and Definitions. Psychologu in Russia , 128-144. Cosme, G. (2021). A Social Learning Understanding of Violence. Academa Letters . Eckhardt, C., & Massa, A. (2021). Psychological Theories of Intimate Partner Violence. In C. Eckhardt, & A. Massa, Handbook of Interpersonal Violence and Abuse Across the Lifespan (pp. 2375-2397). SpringerLink. Espelage, D. (2014). Ecological Theory: Preventing Youth Bullying, Aggression, and Victimization. Theory Into Practice . Flynn, K., & Mathias, B. (2023). “How Am I Supposed to Act?”: Adapting Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory to Understand the Developmental Impacts of Multiple Forms of Violence. Journal of Adolescent Research . King, B. (2012). Psyhological Theories of Violence. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment . Leff, S., Tulleners, C., & Posner, J. (2019). Aggression, Violence, and Delinquency . In S. Leff, C. Tulleners, & J. Posner, Developmental- Behavioral Pediatrics (pp. 389-396). Elsevier INC. Napoli, I., Procentese, F., Carnevale, S., & Esposito, C. (2019). Ending Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) and Locating Men at Stake: An Ecological Approach. International Journal of Environmental Research & Public Health . 6

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