week 8 with references

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School

Southern New Hampshire University *

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510

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Sociology

Date

Jan 9, 2024

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docx

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Uploaded by MasterAnteater3343

1 8-1 Final Project Milestone Four Initial Draft of Methods, Data Analysis, and Anticipated Results Sections Christina Cintron Southern New Hampshire University

2 Method Participants Graduate students from Southern New Hampshire University who are presently enrolled in either PSY 510 or PSY 520 will make up the group of participants for this study. There are both men and women taking part, and their ages might vary anywhere from 22 to 50 years old. According to our best estimates, there are seven people taking part. The survey may be completed on mobile phones, tablets, or personal computers, so participants can choose whatever method works best for them. For the purpose of doing the analysis on the data, SPSS will be used. Procedure It is expected that each participant will independently read both the introduction and the informed consent before taking part. After the participants have finished the introduction, the next thing on the agenda is for the participants to respond to questions about their demographic information. Age, gender, and the daily average amount of time spent on social media are examples of questions that fall under the category of demographics. After that, it will be requested of the participants that they complete both of the questions about social media. After the previous activity has been completed, the participants will go on to the next one, which will require them to fill out the Fear of Missing Out Scale, the Iowa-Netherlands Comparison Orientation Scale, and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. In order to collect data for the analysis of the study problem at hand, which is: what contributions do students feel social media has on mental health, each scale will be used. A debriefing will be delivered to the participants as the last stage in the process.

3 Materials Southern New Hampshire University will utilize Qualtrics, an online survey tool, as the mechanism by which each and every survey will be done and maintained. This choice was made because Qualtrics offers a number of advantages. Demographics As part of the demographic study, there will be a questionnaire sent to the participants, asking them about their ages, genders, and the social media platforms they use. Social Media Usage A survey will be carried out and sent to participants in order to ascertain the amount of time that participants spend on social media as well as the social media platform or platforms that are used the most. The Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale will be used in order to ascertain whether or not a particular individual is addicted to the usage of social media. The purpose of using social media, how the participant feels when they are not using social media, and how often the participant checks their social media are all aspects that are examined by both of these surveys. In addition, both of these questionnaires measure how frequently the participant checks their social media. These quizzes employ a scale that is similar to the Likert scale and has five points. This scale is significant to this study because, according to Aalbers, McNally, Heeren, de Wit, and Fried (2019), it will assess participants' understanding of their use of social media as well as their use of social media. Additionally, it will evaluate participants' participation in this research.

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4 Fear of Missing Out (FOMO) "FOMO" is an abbreviation for "fear of missing out," sometimes known as "FOMO." In order to perform the assessment of FOMO, the Fear of Missing Out Scale, sometimes commonly referred to as the FOMOs, will be used. It is a ten-item scale based on a Likert-type scale with five points (for example, not at all true to me, somewhat true to me, pretty true to me, quite true to me, and extremely true to me). The scale is based on a Likert scale. This survey will focus on how the participants feel when they miss going out with their friends, how often they feel the need to be active and updated with information about their friends, and how much personal information they publish about themselves and their life on social media. According to Hunt, Marx, Lipson, and Young (2018), the significance of this scale rests in the fact that it examines the participants' feelings about the loss of possibilities to engage in social activities. As a result of this evaluation, the scale is able to determine how participants feel about this loss. Social Comparison The Iowa-Netherlands Comparison Orientation Scale will be used for the aim of conducting social comparisons and assessing such comparisons. This is an eleven-item scale that employs a Likert-type scale, which has different point values depending on the variable being measured (for example, five). I do not agree at all, I disagree very strongly, I do not agree or disagree at all, I do agree, and I agree extremely strongly), I do not agree or disagree at all, I do agree, and I agree very strongly). With the use of this survey, an analysis will be done of the participants' impressions of themselves in comparison to those of other people. This survey is beneficial for this study since it will focus on whether or not the participants compare themselves to other people and, if they do, how they compare themselves to other people. This scale was originally intended to assess social comparison in face-to-face meetings; however, it has now been updated

5 in such a way that it is now also capable of measuring social comparison on social media (Yang, Holden, & Carter, 2018). Self-esteem The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale will be used in order to determine one's level of self-esteem. This is a ten-item measurement that makes use of a Likert-type scale with four potential answers (for example, Strongly Agree, Agree, Disagree, and Strongly Disagree). According to Yang, Holden, and Carter (2018), the high degree of reliability that this scale has is what has contributed to its success in gaining global awareness. The participants' perceptions of their own self-worth and acceptance of themselves will be evaluated as part of this process. This survey is vital because it evaluates how participants see their own self-esteem, and such assessments are important. Also, this poll examines how participants view their own self-esteem. Ethical Concerns The fact that there weren't more people included in this study is one of the primary sources of worry. When compared to the breadth of other sorts of research investigations, this one has a very narrow focus. Because of this concern, the conclusions that are drawn will not have any kind of meaningful impact on the current state of affairs. In order to eliminate any potential ethical issues, participants will be given the opportunity to provide their informed permission and will also be debriefed. There is a possibility that participant bias is not a big concern. Because the participants are my contemporaries, there is a possibility that the results may be skewed. This is due to the fact that the participants' views will be based on what they perceive this survey is measuring; thus, there is a chance that the findings will be biased. One solution to this issue is to refrain from engaging in discussion with the other people who are taking part in the study. The

6 phenomenon known as response bias is yet another kind of prejudice that might provide difficulties. It is possible that respondents won't be able to provide honest answers to the survey questions. This is a possibility. They could, for instance, be oblivious of whether or not they are intentionally creating parallels in their thinking. In order to find a solution to this issue, the researcher is going to modify the wording of some of the questions. Data Analysis Plan After the process of collecting the data has been finished, it will be uploaded into IMB SPSS so that the results may be analyzed. This will take place as soon as possible. The outcomes of the research on the use of social media will be evaluated with the use of a dependent samples t-test. The purpose of this analysis is to discover whether or not feelings of impending doom, social comparison, and feelings of low self-esteem are substantially connected with the use of social media. In order to be more precise, evaluations of social media will be conducted alongside evaluations of each variable on its own, and the results will be compared to one another. These data will shed light on whether or not there is a substantial link between utilizing social media and having a good sense of self-esteem, feeling FOMO, and participating in social comparison. The results will not contain any data, if any, that may be used to identify people or that reveals private information. This includes data that may be used to identify private information. Descriptive statistics, such as the mean, the standard deviation, and the significance level, will be utilized in order to provide a summary of the results. Utilizing descriptive statistics such as these allows the results to be explained in the most straightforward and straightforward way possible. In addition, a correlational analysis will be carried out in order to ascertain the degree to which the variables are connected to one another in some kind. The procedure of data analysis is seen to

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7 adhere to ethical principles since it does not violate the principles and guidelines established by the APA. The researcher will ensure that she is qualified to carry out this study, that she will not cause any damage, that she will report correct data, that she will guarantee that all potentially participating individuals have equal access to the study, and that she will not violate the rights of the participants in any way. Results It is anticipated that the data would indicate a significant link between the use of social media and the notions of FOMO (fear of missing out), social comparison, and self-esteem. The data will show that those who participate in a considerable degree of social comparison also engage in a significant amount of activity on social media platforms. A user's level of fear of missing out (FOMO) may vary from moderate to high if they have a high level of activity in social media, which demonstrates that they have a high level of FOMO. In conclusion, having a high use of social media will have a favorable link with social comparisons because of the nature of these comparisons. The results of this study are going to go counter to the findings of Scott and Woods (2018), who found that those whose usage of social media grew over time had worse levels of self-esteem. This research is going to show that this is the case. This study will also reveal the same results as other researchers who found that individuals with growing use of social media have rising levels of FOMO (fear of missing out). These researchers observed that individuals with increasing use of social media have increasing levels of FOMO (fear of missing out). According to the findings of these researchers, persons who use social media more often report higher degrees of fear of missing out (FOMO). 2018 research by Hunt, Marx, Lipson, and Young. Young, 2018). (Young, 2018). The findings will be presented in the form of the results that are generated by SPSS, which will serve to offer a full overview of the findings. The survey

8 on social media will differentiate the participants by establishing whether or not they make use of social media and by evaluating the degree to which they make use of it. A restriction is going to be imposed on us due to the fact that we will be responsible for reporting the information ourselves. Individuals may not be aware of how social media is utilized or whether or not they are making comparisons (Hunt), as was mentioned before. (Taken from the research done by Marx, Lipson, and Young (2018)). Another one of the limitations is that there can be no more than the allotted number of participants. It is likely that the results are not as significant as was expected since there were just a small number of participants who participated in the study. In further study, we will find that According to Yang, Holden, and Carter (2018), in order to find a greater relevance, additional samples will be used. This is something that will be done in the future.

9 References Aalbers, G., McNally, R. J., Heeren, A., De Wit, S., & Fried, E. I. (2019). Social media and depression symptoms: A network perspective. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 148(8), 1454. Hunt, M. G., Marx, R., Lipson, C., & Young, J. (2018). No more FOMO: Limiting social media decreases loneliness and depression. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 37(10), 751-768. Woods, H. C., & Scott, H. (2016). # Sleepyteens: Social media use in adolescence is associated with poor sleep quality, anxiety, depression and low self-esteem. Journal of adolescence, 51, 41- 49. Yang, C. C., Holden, S. M., & Carter, M. D. (2018). Social media social comparison of ability (but not opinion) predicts lower identity clarity: Identity processing style as a mediator. Journal of youth and adolescence, 47, 2114-2128.

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week 8 with references

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