LaToya__Wiles_HIS_200__Applied_History

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Module 6 Short Responses – Question 1 Which source will you analyze using active reading strategies? Include the name of the article, the author, the publication, the date, and where you found it. Read your chosen source using the active reading strategies you learned on the previous page. Then, summarize the overall meaning and content of the reading. Write your summary below. Your summary should be at least one paragraph long. The article "Not One Judge's Opinion: Morgan v. Hennigan and the Boston Schools" by Roger Abrams, published in the Harvard Educational Review in February 1975, explores the case of Morgan v. Hennigan and its significance in the context of Boston schools. The author delves into the case details to shed light on the complexities and challenges of equal educational opportunities in an era of racial tensions and discrimination. The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the case's legal arguments, court decisions, and implications, ultimately highlighting the importance of collective efforts and comprehensive policies to address disparities and provide quality education for all students. Module 6 Short Responses – Question 2 What events or historical forces contributed to the Boston busing crisis of the mid-1970s? Name at least three, and briefly explain why you think each was a contributory cause of the Boston busing crisis. Several events and historical forces influenced the Boston busing crisis of the mid-1970s. Here are three contributory causes: 1. Segregation and Racial Tensions: The deep-rooted segregation in the Boston school system, like many other cities in the United States, resulted in stark racial disparities in education. Racial tensions were on the rise, fueled by years of inequality and discrimination. This division between the predominantly white and black communities created a powder keg of emotions and resentment. 2. Court Decisions and Desegregation Efforts: In the early 1970s, a series of court decisions, including the landmark Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education, called for the desegregation of schools nationwide. As a result, the Boston School Committee was forced to adopt a desegregation plan that involved busing students from predominantly white neighborhoods to primarily black neighborhoods and vice versa. Implementing this plan faced resistance and opposition from various groups, exacerbating the crisis. 3. Anti-Busing Protests and Political Climate: The political climate in Boston at the time was fraught with racial tensions and backlash against desegregation efforts. Anti-busing groups, primarily white parents and community members, organized protests and demonstrations against forced busing. These protests often turned violent, escalating the crisis and widening the divide between communities. The intense media coverage further fueled the conflict and entrenched racial divisions.

Module 6 Short Responses – Question 3 Name three specific consequences of the Boston busing crisis. The Boston busing crisis of the mid-1970s had significant and lasting consequences on various aspects of the city. Here are three specific outcomes: 1. Increased Racial and Social Polarization: The busing crisis further exacerbated racial and social divisions within Boston communities. The implementation of forced busing resulted in heightened tensions and hostilities between different racial and ethnic groups. The crisis deepened distrust and hatred, leaving lasting scars on the city's social fabric. 2. White Flight and Decline of Urban Schools: The busing crisis led to a phenomenon known as "white flight," where many white families decided to move out of the city and into the suburbs to avoid the forced integration of schools. This mass exodus of families with resources further eroded the diversity and resources of urban schools in Boston. Urban schools, especially in predominantly black and economically disadvantaged neighborhoods, experienced a decline in academic standards and resources, exacerbating educational disparities. 3. Legal Reforms and Shifts in Education Policy: The Boston busing crisis prompted significant legal and policy changes. Several court decisions and legal settlements emerged due to the crisis, leading to new nationwide guidelines and requirements for school desegregation efforts. Additionally, the crisis highlighted the urgent need for education reforms and policies to promote equal educational opportunities for all students, regardless of race or socioeconomic background. Module 6 Short Responses – Question 4 Describe one cause of the event you have chosen for your historical analysis (keeping in mind that there are many), and explain one piece of evidence from your research that you will use to support this assertion. Describe one consequence of the event, and explain one piece of evidence from your research that you will use to support this assertion. One cause of the desegregation of schools in Boston was the landmark Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education in 1954. This case ruled that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional, marking a significant turning point in the fight against racial discrimination. One evidence supporting this assertion is that the ruling in Brown v. Board of Education directly challenged the "separate but equal" doctrine established by the earlier Plessy v. Ferguson case in 1896, which upheld racial segregation. The Brown decision effectively set a precedent for desegregation efforts nationwide, including in Boston. A consequence of the desegregation of schools in Boston was the outbreak of the busing crisis in the mid-1970s. The implementation of forced busing as a method of achieving racial integration sparked widespread protests and violence. One piece of evidence to support this consequence is the intense media coverage of the busing crisis, which highlighted the clashes between anti- busing protestors, racial tensions, and the disruption caused by the forced transportation of

students. This evidence demonstrates the significant impact and contentious nature of the busing crisis that arose due to attempting to implement the desegregation ruling in Boston.

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