N.Braga Moving Through Time

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Nicole Braga Moving Through Time Bridgewater State University Human Behavior / Social Environment II Professor Bhatti

2 MOVING THROUGH TIME Introduction The movie “Moonlight” is the life story of Chiron and the experiences and challenges he faces over the course of his life, from childhood to adulthood. Not only does Chiron experience external challenges in life, he is also observed to face internal challenges. In the movie, Chiron is observed to be “moving through time” in a response to the situations in his life, moving through the stages of development, each stage impacting the next. Significant Events in the Stages of Development The movie follows Chiron’s life over the course of childhood to adulthood. It primarily takes place during stages four through six in Erickson’s Stages of Development. Erikson’s stage four is Industry vs Inferiority, it stresses the importance of peer groups and social interactions. This stage is believed to be between the ages of 5-12 years old. Over this stage, the child seeks approval from peers and adults (Sutton, 2023). In examining Chiron’s story, during this stage of his life, he was significantly bullied by his peers and sought approval from his mother, Paula. This is also the time when Juan comes into Chiron’s life, leaving a lasting impact. He spends time trying to understand his feelings. Lack of balance during this stage in life can lead to issues in future stages of development. This is when Chiron is identified as “Little” in the movie. Chiron’s relationship with Juan plays a large part in this stage of his development. Chiron learns life lessons from Chiron, he teaches him to embrace his race and teaches him how to swim. Juan is observed to be accepting of Chiron when Chiron asks if he is a faggot, as the students are calling him this. In this time in Chiron’s life, he also learns that his mother is abusing drugs, and that Juan is dealing drugs. This stage is conflicting for Chiron, leading into the next stage of his development.

3 MOVING THROUGH TIME Stage five in Erikson’s Stages of Development is Identity vs Role Confusion. This stage takes place between the ages of 12-18 years old. During this stage, the adolescent seeks independence, begins considering careers and their place in society. Body image transformation and creating a sense of identity is a large part of this stage (Sutton, 2023). This is where we see “Chiron” in the movie. This stage, much like the last, impacts the one thereafter. Chiron in this period of development, is trying to further understand himself. Chiron’s attempt to understand his sexuality occurs during this stage. Significant events that impact this stage of Chiron’s development include Chiron’s first sexual encounter with his childhood friend Kevin. After such a significant event in Chiron’s life takes place, he is then beat up by Kevin. During this stage of his life, we also learn that Juan has died. Chiron’s inability to create a solid sense of identity causes him confusion and he decides to assert himself. Chiron ends up getting arrested for assaulting Trey in school. After he is arrested, Chiron moves to Georgia. Stage six in Erikson’s Stages of Development is Intimacy Vs Isolation. This stage ranges from ages 18-40 years old. During this stage of adulthood, the individual seeks to form longer term commitments and bonds. Lack of these attachments can result in loneliness, isolation, and depression (Sutton, 2023). This is where we see “Black”. Chiron is observed to be impacted by the prior stages in his life and is seeking long term connections. Chiron isolates himself during adulthood since moving to Georgia and refrains from building strong connections. During this stage it’s important to acknowledge Chiron’s reconnection with Kevin and the amends he makes with his mother Paula. Protective Factors

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4 MOVING THROUGH TIME While Chiron observes a lot of challenges in his life, there are also a lot of protective factors in place. Chiron’s family struggles with poverty and his mother is addicted to drugs. Chiron’s father is not in the picture, and he is confused by his sexuality. Despite these challenges, Chiron received support from Juan and Theresa as a child, and Theresa remains a constant in Chiron’s life throughout the movie. Chiron is educated and early on, his mother did encourage his education. Initially, Paula is observed to have a job, was setting limits with Chiron, and showed him affection, though this changed over time. Theories When examining Chiron’s life, Relational Cultural Theory and Peron Centered Theory are two theories that could be used. Relational Cultural Theory is a theory developed by numerous contributors rather than by one psychologist in particular. The theory moves away from the Freudian theory of classical drive, and aims to focus more on relatedness and stresses further on mutuality (Miehls, 2017). Some of the main tenets of Relational Cultural Theory include that humans grow through and towards connection. The theory stresses on the importance of connection and defines it as a primary source of motivation in an individual’s life. Building connections assists in a further development of relational skills and theorists compare the need for relationships to ones need for air and water to survive (Jordan, 2017). Theorist would claim that mutual empathy, empowerment, and authenticity is necessary for an individual to obtain the ideal movement in life. The theory goes on to suggest that growth-fostering relationships increases a desire to make additional connections. It also suggests that these relationships increase knowledge of oneself, increases a sense of self-worth, and increases one’s ability to not only make a plan, but to take action towards said plan. This theory would be

5 MOVING THROUGH TIME relative as it stresses the importance of connection. In Chiron’s life, his connections with Juan, Theresa, Kevin, and Paula all impact his development. In the 1950’s, psychologist Carl Rogers developed Person Centered Theory. The ideology behind Rogers’ theory was that all people are born with the means to grow despite various limitations faced in life, while other theorists would refute this and have the belief that these such limitations, could have the potential to lead to self-destruction. Rogers’ core belief was that one could achieve their life goals utilizing self-actualization (Rowe, 2017). Key concepts that Rogers used to outline the theory are as follows: [1. “All individuals exist in a continually changing world of experience of which they are the center.” 2. “All individuals will react to reality as they perceive it rather than as it may be perceived by others.” 3. “The organism has one basic tendency and striving to actualize, maintain and enhance the experiencing organism.” 4. “Behavior is basically the goal-directed attempt of individuals to satisfy their needs.” 5. “The best vantage point for understanding behavior is from the internal frame of reference of the individual.” 6. “Most ways of behaving adopted by the individual are consistent with the individual’s concept of self.” 7. “The incongruence that often occurs between an individual’s conscious wishes and his behavior is the result of a split between the individual’s concept and his experiences.” 8. “Where there is incongruence between the individual’s self- concept and experiences with others, a state of anxiety results.” 9. “The fully functioning individual is open to all experiences, exhibiting no defensiveness.”] – (Rowe, 2017). Person-Centered Theory stems off the ideology that there is a central source of energy within the individual that promotes positive growth. This theory as the tendency to lead the individual in a direction that creates fulfillment in one’s life (Rogers, 1952). This places an emphasis on a person’s ability within themselves to move in a positive direction, due to their

6 MOVING THROUGH TIME inner ‘resources’. The theory believes that the desire to not only maintain, but to enhance oneself is the motivation for human behavior (Fernald, 2000). This theory is relative as throughout the movie, Chiron faces many challenges however, despite these experiences in life, Chiron is seeking a better sense of himself.

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7 MOVING THROUGH TIME References Fernald, P. S. (2000). Carl Rogers: Body-centered counselor. Journal of Counseling & Development , 78 (2), 172–179. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2000.tb02575.x Jordan, J. V. (2017). Relational-cultural theory: The power of connection to transform our lives. The Journal of Humanistic Counseling , 56 (3), 228–243. https://doi.org/10.1002/johc.12055 Miehls, D. (2017). Chapter 28: Relational Theory and Social Work Treatment. In Social work treatment: Interlocking theoretical approaches (pp. 428–432). essay, OXFORD University Press. Rogers, C. R. (1952). A personal formulation of client-centered therapy. Marriage and Family Living , 14 (4), 341. https://doi.org/10.2307/348729 Rowe, W. S. (2017). Chapter 3: Client-Centered Theory and the Person-Centered Approach: Values-Based, Evidence-Supported. In Social work treatment: Interlocking theoretical approaches (sixth, pp. 34–41). essay, OXFORD University Press. Sutton, J. (2023, March 9). Erik Erikson’s stages of Psychosocial Development explained . PositivePsychology.com. https://positivepsychology.com/erikson-stages/ Tran, C. (2022, February 12). What is relational cultural therapy? Liberation Healing Seattle. Retrieved February 2023, from https://www.liberationhealingseattle.com/blog-trauma- therapist/what-is-relational-cultural-therapy-seattle

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