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1 Summative Assessment: DSM-5 and PTSD Diagnosis Crystal Knight University of Phoenix Psych/650 Nicolle Napier Ionascu, Psy.D. Monday November 6, 2023

2 Summative Assessment: DSM-5 and PTSD Diagnosis This presentation is meant to show the discrepancies between the DSM-5 PTSD criteria and the benefits of it as well. PTSD, also known as post-traumatic stress disorder, is classified as a psychiatric disorder that stems from a life-threatening event and requires a series of exposures to the traumatic event. (Beidel, D.C. & Frueh, B.C., 2018) When diagnosed with PTSD the clinician will notice the criteria in the DSM-5. There are different sections listed under letters So criterion A, B, C, and so on. It has been disputed that the DSM-5 isn’t a reliable standard as some criteria will also meet other criteria for different diagnosis. Summary The DSM-5 explains PTSD as presenting different symptoms such as, but not limited to, recurrent, involuntary, and intrusive memories of the event, distressing dreams of the event, dissociative reactions or flashbacks of the event, intense or prolonged psychological distress at any exposure to internal or external triggers/cues. These symptoms cover a wide range of symptoms such as sleep disturbances, and even feeling detached from your own body. Things such as problems concentrating and exaggerated startle response. (APA, 2013) The DSM 5 is classified in four clusters of categories. Criterion A is the personal experience and/or knowledge of the threat of death, bodily harm or sexual violence. Criterion B would cover the existence of the symptoms that are connected to the event such as the triggers or people from the event. Criterion C is the constant avoidance of the cue that would trigger a reminder or a “re-experiencing” of the event. Criterion D describes the mood disturbances and criterion E is the arousal and reactivity related to the event. There is also criterion F which would be the time of the disturbance, how long it lasts. Criterion G is the disturbance that causes

3 distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. Criterion H is when the disturbance is not attributed to the use of a substance. (APA, 2013) After careful review of the DSM’s criteria for PTSD there appear to be flaws in the cultural sensitivity of this manual. This manual has been updated; however, the DSM could still use some improvements. The criteria for this diagnosis cannot be automatically assumed in all cultures. Much of this manual was developed in the western civilization so to say these symptoms would fit all minorities would be a misconception. One inaccuracy would be the reactions would vary considerably to trauma. The way an individual would suffer from PTSD would vary by cultural setting and would change the way the individual would experience the illness. When most hear PTSD they do think of the military, we are privy to understand PTSD can be caused by so many traumatic events and depending on the culture an individual is accustomed to, trauma is not the same ‘across the board’. (APA, 2013) Other instruments There are other diagnostic tools for PTSD. The SPAN, SPRINT, and Trauma screening questionnaire. The SPAN is a four item, self-report screen created from the Davidson Trauma Scale. It’s name is an acronym to the four symptoms it measures by which are startle, physically upset by reminders, anger and numbness. The SPRINT is a self-report screen, short post- traumatic stress disorder rating interview is an 8-item self-report measure that assesses the core symptoms of PTSD things like intrusion, arousal along with somatic malaise, stress vulnerability and role and social functional impairment. The final one listed is the trauma screening questionnaire which is a 10-item symptom screen that was made with survivors of all types of traumatic stress. TSQ (trauma screening questionnaire) is based on items from PTSD symptom scale. These are all self-report just as well as the DSM, therefore they appear to have similar

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4 strengths and weaknesses. Self-reporting can be considered a weakness in testing due to bias. The instrument with the most strengths appears to be the trauma screening questionnaire due to the inclusion of this test. (U.S. Dept. of Veteran Affairs, 2018) Things in common. The criteria of criteria of Diagnostic Manual of Mental Health for PTSD overlap, if you will with that of dissociative disorders. Dissociation is a common defense/reaction to stressful and/or traumatic events. A dissociative disorder impairs the normal state of awareness and limits and/or alters the individual’s sense of identity, memory and/or consciousness. When looking at PTSD and dissociative disorders, one would find it interesting how similar they are with the responses. Some of these would be they are both a common defense/reaction to stressful situations, severe isolated traumas may be the cause and they both create problems with identity, memory and consciousness. Differences would be highlighted as dissociative criteria involve at times a disruption of identity shown by two or more distinct personality states, these are not always but they do happen. This is also a short list, as there are many similarities to list as dissociation can be a caused by PTSD. (APA, 2013) Conclusion In closing, there are some benefits to the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders when diagnosing clients. However, this should not be the only instrument used to measure symptoms according to this research. Cultural adaptations should be made, and attention should be given to each result of a diagnostic test.

5 References Beidel, D. C., & Frueh, B. C. (2018). Adult psychopathology and diagnosis, (8th ed.). John Wiley & Sons,Inc. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Anxiety disorders. In Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 U.S. Dept. of Veteran Affairs. (2018). PTSD: National Center for PTSD . https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/assessment/screens/tsq.asp

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