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1 Psychological and Professional Thoughts Psychological Thoughts Inform Professional Thoughts PSY4100 History of Modern Systems Heinz Bartnick Capella University November 2023

2 Psychological and Professional Thoughts Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis is known as depth psychology because it is a form of mental health treatment, and it is based on psychoanalytic theory that is focused on the unconscious cognitive process (Cherry, 2023). Psychoanalysis is a psychological hypothesis and healing procedure that originated from Sigmund Freud (Cherry, 2023). Sigmund Freud was the father of psychoanalysis because he informed that a person’s conduct is not because of unaddressed traumatic events or developmental problems since it is governed by unconscious thoughts (Cherry, 2023). However, the principles of psychoanalysis contain knowledge, desires, thoughts, feelings, and memories (Cherry, 2023). Psychoanalysis has been the tradition of psychiatry for many years to treat mental health disorders (Schultz & Schultz, 2016). Everyone has unconscious feelings and thoughts (Schultz & Schultz, 2016). Even though certain events may trigger, everyone carries them throughout their life due to them being subconscious thoughts (Schultz & Schultz, 2016). The primary reason for psychoanalysis is to make the unconscious mind aware (Cherry, 2023). Teenager Therapy Through Psychoanalysis Teenagers often struggle with therapy because it can be challenging to talk about traumatic experiences to a therapist. Many teens who go through treatment develop issues with their mental health due to early childhood experiences (Cherry, 2023). Psychoanalysis can be a helpful way to help teens understand the unconscious mind and thoughts (Cherry, 2023). Erik Erikson developed a popular psychosocial developmental therapy that influenced theory because Sigmund Freud highly influenced him (Cherry, 2023).

3 Psychological and Professional Thoughts Erikson concluded that personality could develop in different stages, like Sigmund Freud’s theory (Cherry, 2023). It has been found that Erikson’s stage has stages throughout a lifetime, whereas Freud’s psychosexual stages are only throughout childhood and adolescence (Cherry, 2023). Erik Erikson proved that if any of the stages of development are not conducted adequately, it could impact someone (Cherry, 2023). Erikson showed how vital his stages of development are for teenagers going into adulthood (Cherry, 2023). Since Identity vs. Role Confusion is Erikson’s fifth stage of development, it refers to teenagers between the ages of twelve and eighteen (Cherry, 2023). During this stage of development, teenagers develop their identity because it can influence behavior and their development throughout their lives (Cherry, 2023). Significant Events That Created the Development of Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud was the founder of psychoanalysis, and he was considered famous because he was the one to make the idea of the unconscious in the world of psychology (Mcleod, 2023). However, William Wundt founded the first laboratory generally for psychology (Mcleod, 2023). William was the first to separate psychology and philosophy because he was considered the father of psychology (Mcleod, 2023). William analyzed and studied the working mind but did not believe in the unconscious mind (Mcleod, 2023). Josef Bruer is an Austrian psychologist and physician who worked with Sigmund Freud in the 1890s to study patients under hypnosis (Safran & Gardner, 2015). Freud and Bruer observed patients' ideas and impulses that brought them into consciousness during hypnosis (Safran & Gardner, 2015). The leading development of psychoanalysis was when Freud saw that patients were able to talk openly when they were not in hypnosis. Freud developed the free-of-association technique after working with patients through

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4 Psychological and Professional Thoughts their ideas and impulses (Safran & Gardner, 2015). Freud developed the free-of- association method so patients could express their experiences that they could not do in the conscious mind (Safran & Gardner, 2015). Free-of-association helps patients say anything they want without relevance (Safran & Gardner, 2015). In addition, Freud studied anxiety and stated that it is often a consequence of repressing energy from their sexuality because different symptoms may act as defense mechanisms (Safran & Gardner, 2015). Due to Freud's developing psychoanalysis and techniques, he created the superego, id, and ego (Safran & Gardner, 2015). Effect on Schools of Thought on Psychoanalysis The humanistic school of thought contributed to the development of psychoanalysis because it was believed that a person’s entirety depended on their unique characteristics (Eshel, 2016). Humanistic psychology often opposes the school of thought on psychoanalysis because it has more influence on human behaviors (Eshel, 2016). However, humanistic psychology can contribute with no restrictions so that individuals can behave as they want without being told not to (Eshel, 2016). Since humanistic psychology was developed through psychoanalysis, it made it easier to have an open-minded perspective and progress (Schultz & Schultz, 2016). The basis of Freud’s psychoanalysis theory was based on the freedom of thought and expression because it is essential in humanistic psychology (Cherry, 2023). Also, Freud utilized cognitive psychology while developing the psychoanalytic approach (Cherry, 2023). Although psychological shifts can occur in experiments, they are by behaviors to answer questions rather than how they happened (Cherry, 2023). Cognitive behaviors are involved with psychoanalysis through behavior development because it is vital in

5 Psychological and Professional Thoughts behavior control (Cherry, 2023). Structuralism is part of the school of thinking that requires patients to use their senses (Schultz & Schultz, 2016). However, the problem with structuralism is that it is an issue with the conceptual rather than the process itself (Schultz & Schultz, 2016). Cultural Influences on Psychoanalysis Development Even though American psychologists did not agree with many of Sigmund Freud’s views or development of psychoanalysis, he had a significant impact on American culture (Schultz & Schultz, 2016). In addition, Sigmund Freud posted over two hundred publications about psychoanalysis and had many different media appearances (Schultz & Schultz, 2016). When Freud was famous, he was featured in The Times magazine in 1924 since it was his goal throughout his lifetime, and he was even featured in a song (Schultz & Schultz, 2016). Although Freud passed in 1939, his publications and stories were still out for many years, and his development of psychoanalysis is used in psychology and therapy (Schultz & Schultz, 2016). Due to contemporary psychology and psychoanalysis, Freud is a cited psychologist who has been important throughout psychology (Schultz & Schultz, 2016). However, culture and religion have influenced posts and Freud’s development in psychoanalysis, which had forms of culture throughout (Safran & Gardner, 2015). Freud was interested in religion, ethics, and culture, which were a part of his publications, while exploring was subjective to the development of psychoanalysis (Safran & Gardner, 2015). In addition, psych-cultural evaluations helped Sigmund Freud answer the origination of religion (Safran & Gardner, 2015). Due to Freud’s psychoanalytic inquiry, he could point out exigences relative to ideas, values, and interpersonal relations (Safran & Gardner, 2015).

6 Psychological and Professional Thoughts If teenagers refuse to be open in group discussions, it can often lead to repression and avoidant behaviors (Safran & Gardner, 2015). Dealing with Adolescence Psychotherapy may benefit teenagers with difficulty dealing with specific situations (Eshel, 2016). When going through mental health treatment with teenagers, the therapist needs to know the relationship with their guardian or parents (Eshel, 2016). Teenagers need to have their mental health treatment early because it is typical for anxiety, but it can be crucial if it turns into depression (Eshel, 2016). If a teenager has a family member, such as a sibling or uncle, who suffers from depression, they are at risk of developing depression and anxiety themselves (Eshel, 2016). Also, the family of the teenager needs to give their medical and past history to a therapist so they are appropriately diagnosed without complications (Eshel, 2016). However, it can be hard to work with teenagers through psychoanalysis because the teens are going through a difficult developmental period in their lives (Eshel, 2016). Since teenagers are still developing their intellectual abilities, they often get confused about their environment due to their high susceptibility to deception (Eshel, 2016). Conclusion When people go through experiences, traumatic situations, and memories can weigh on them because they are unconscious of them since they are often repressed (Schultz & Schultz, 2016). Since memories can become repressed and emotions are often built up, it can often cause anxiety and sadness (Schultz & Schultz, 2016). Although conditioning will bring up past experiences and feelings, it can help therapists resolve past traumas and instances

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7 Psychological and Professional Thoughts they have been through (Mcleod, 2023). Psychoanalysis, a part of psychology, can be seen as a school of thinking because it brings various distinct hypotheses (Mcleod, 2023). Therefore, psychoanalysis can be used for coping with past traumatic experiences, and psychoanalysis can be used to treat various mental health disorders (Mcleod, 2023). Often, when people are under stress, it is easier for therapists to observe their behaviors because they are altered when interacting with others (Mcleod, 2023). Due to many studies, it has been found that depression is the onset of anxiety and frequently the issue of psychiatric problems. Since psychoanalysis is extended through other schools of thought, it is not considered just one science (Schultz & Schultz, 2016). However, it is a combination of psychiatry, medications, and theories used to focus on those who are experiencing mental health problems (Schultz & Schultz, 2016). Since Sigmund Freud invented psychoanalysis and his views of psychoanalysis, it has been believed that everyone has different thoughts, memories, unconscious desires, and feelings (Schultz & Schultz, 2016). Due to psychological and emotional problems like anxiety and depression, it is often in conflict with the unconscious and conscious mind ( Cherry, 2023). Therefore, clients in psychotherapy are suggested to explore their desires, feelings, stressors, and memories that often can lead to mental health disorders ( Cherry, 2023).

8 Psychological and Professional Thoughts References Carveth, D. L. (2013). Social and historical influences on psychoanalytic thought. Clio’s Psycho. https://www.yorku.ca/dcarveth/Social%20and%20Historical%20Influences%20on %20Psychoanalytic%20Thought.pdf Cherry, K. (2023, May 5). How psychoanalysis influenced the field of psychology. Very well, Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-psychoanalysis-2795246 Eshel, O. (2016, October). Psychoanalysis in Trauma: On Trauma and Its Traumatic History in Psychoanalysis. Psychoanalytic Review. https://www.proquest.com/docview/1872591154? accountid=27965&parentSessionId=KPyNwRnExKIWLj9YctOj5vrip770%2FQCY ZdPSXaZvN%2BU%3D Mcleod, S. (2023, October 25). Psychoanalysis: Freud’s psychoanalytic approach to therapy. Simply Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/psychoanalysis.html Overskeid, G. (2007). Looking for Skinner and finding Freud. American Psychologist, 62(6), 590–595. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.62.6.590 Safran, J. D., & Gardner, E. S. (2015, September 2). Psychoanalysis. Encyclopedia of Mental Health. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780123970459001890?via %3Dihub Schultz, D. P., & Schultz, S. E. (2016). A history of modern psychology. VitalSource Bookshelf Online. https://capella.vitalsource.com/books/9781285228402

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