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The History and Influence of the New School of Thought PSY4100: History & Modern Systems of Psych Heinz Bartnick Capella University November 2023 Introduction

Feminist psychology refers to the values, beliefs, and principles of feminism. Feminism is a movement advocating for political, economic, social, and cultural rights because it should be compared to men's rights (Eagly et al., 2012). Several waves of feminism started from 1848 to 1920 that perpetuated the movement, which involved the foundation of the National Suffrage Association (Eagly et al., 2012). From 1960 to 1980, the second wave concerns women’s reproductive sexuality and rights (Crowley, 2006). The movement took off from the second wave because it focused heavily on the Equal Rights Amendment, which involved traditional gender roles and sexist discrimination to be evaluated and stopped (Crowley, 2006). Lastly, the final wave of feminism took place in the 1990s, and it was for the continuation of reproductive and or sexuality rights as the previous wave that, in addition, mentioned sexual harassment in the workplace (Crowley, 2006). New School of Thought A pivotal moment in women’s rights occurred in 1848 when Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony were prohibited from speaking at the Convention for Anti-Slavery in Seneca Falls (Terborg-Penn, 2020). The convention addressed women's civil, religious, and social rights as part of the Declaration of Sentiments and Resolution (Terborg-Penn, 2020). Since Elizabeth and Susan were unable to speak at the convention, they created and established the National Woman Suffrage Association in 1869 following the convention (Terborg-Penn, 2020). However, after seventy-two years, the 19 th Amendment allowed women to vote in 1920 (Terborg-Penn, 2020). Although it gave women the right to vote in 1920, this amendment did not allow African- American women to vote (Terborg-Penn, 2020). The exclusion of African-American women from being able to vote intrigued them to join African-American Associations such as the

National Association of Colored Women and various other woman-organized clubs to educate them on the importance of allowing women to vote (Terborg-Penn, 2020). Founding Events, Figures, and Ideas Karen Horney created Feminist Psychology, which was a psychoanalytic (Smith, 2007). Karen worked with Karl Abraham and Sigmund Freud because they had similar ideas on human behaviors (Smith, 2007). Karen diverged from the Freudian School of Thought but disagreed with the psychoanalytic theory because it was male-dominated and had harbored bias in the society of female psychology (Smith, 2007). There was a primary focus on feminism for equality because of a dominant population of economic, political, and cultural concerns. After all, it involved predominately men (Smith, 2007). For example, A woman’s life is not valued in Afghanistan because they live by the Islamic Law that states they are prohibited from being in the workforce, denied education, and unable to be in public without chaperones (Smith, 2007). In addition, women in Afghanistan are limited to Health Care due to being unable to be seen by the opposite sex and only speaking to the spouse of the woman being seen by the doctor (Smith, 2007). There is regression seen globally in wealthy countries such as Qatar and Saudi Arabia because most women living in these countries are not permitted to leave their homes or vote (Inglehart & Norris, 2003). However, in India, more than 800,000 women are a part of the government, with a third of council seats occupied by women (Inglehart & Norris, 2003). There has been a massive improvement because women are not denied education or individualism in professions in France, the United States, or Japan (Inglehart & Norris, 2003). Influence of Social Thinking

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Since the 21 st Century, a woman’s rights have changed, but they are still unheard of regardless of the years that have passed (Smith, 2007). For example, in 1973, in the case of Roe vs. Wade, a woman’s right to have abortions and whether they should have the right to terminate their pregnancies (Smith, 2007). However, in 2022, the Supreme Court made a declaration that abortions are not ubiquitous. Since it was necessary to allow women to join the military, more than fifteen percent of women are active military members, with 250,000 deployed to Iraq for enduring freedom and operations (McSally, 2011). It has become necessary for gender equality because it is essential (McSally, 2011). Joseph Biden is the current president, and he believes there should be gender equality because it is vital to have stability in the nation for development and growth. The United States has acknowledged that gender equality is important because it can achieve talents, agendas, and strategies to advance gender equality for domestic policies. Conclusion There has been much progress made over the years for gender equality and for women to have more rights like men do, but women still face inequalities every day. Women continue to have inequalities regarding their reproductive system, workplace harassment, discrimination, marriage roles, and discrimination. Although it has taken many years to advance thus far, it will likely take another fifty years for more women’s rights due to feminism. The main factor that led to the New School of Thought was the oppression of women to be included in the psychology field. References

Crowley, J. E. (2006). Moving beyond tokenism: Ratification of the equal rights amendment and the election of Women state legislation. Social Science Quarterly. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1540-6237.2006.00394.x Eagly, A. H., Eaton, A., Rose, S. M., Riger, S., & McHugh, M. C. (2012). Feminism and Psychology: Analysis of a half-century research on women and gender. American Psychological Association. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2012-04929-001 Inglehart, R., & Norris, P. (2003). Rising tide. Cambridge Core. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/rising-tide/E28A6E8662971242917902E0A7E0FFEE McSally, M. E. (2011). Defending America in mixed company: Gender in the U.S. armed forces. Jstor. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23047355 Smith, W. B. (2007). Karen Horney and Psychotherapy in the 21st Century. Clinical Social Work. https://doi-org.library.capella.edu/10.1007/s10615-006-0060-6 Terborg-Penn, R. (2020). The Nineteenth Amendment and its outcome for African American women. Journal of Women’s History, 32(1), 23–31. https://doi.org/10.1353/jowh.2020.0003 Theoharis, J. (2015). The Rebellious Life of Mrs. Rosa Parks. Beacon Press,128(4), 789–791. https://doi.org/10.1002/polq.12113

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