Annotated Bibliography

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Keiser University *

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Psychology

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Dec 6, 2023

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1 Annotated Bibliography Annotated Bibliography Adlih Rodriguez Child Psychology, Keiser University Child Psychology DEP3103GP3-107042022 Professor Dominguez July 24 th , 2022

2 Annotated Bibliography Abstract When researching a child's development, one will stumble upon many developments and when they should be reached. While each stage in a child's life is essential, each child will arrive at their development in their own time. However, one must watch for a significant delay at any stage. These references below will guide me in creating intellectual and well-written questions that will go into the depths of the parent and child I interview. I will be able to know if their child is reaching their milestones correctly and what to do if they are not. I have found research on sensory, perceptual, social-emotional, gross and fine motor, ethical and moral, cognitive, physical, and sensory development.

3 Annotated Bibliography Annotated Bibliography Ages and stages: Ethical and moral development . First 5 Los Angeles. (2020, October 1). Retrieved July 25, 2022, from https://www.first5la.org/article/ethical-and-moral- development/ This page expresses the various moral, and ethical growth stages children experience as they age and develop. They show how children should develop from zero through five years of age, as described by psychologists Lawrence Kohlberg and Carol Gilligan. During the stages of zero through one year of age, infants have no notion of morality. They only know what feels good and bad, which can be translated to correct and incorrect. As an adult responds to the baby’s needs, it will help the baby understand what is safe and “right.” At the ages of one through three, they have become toddlers. Toddlers are frequently spontaneous, causing them to act before thinking. During this stage, the child begins to understand what is okay and what is not okay. They might start to show shame, guilt, and remorse. However, they have yet to have the actual ability to understand what is right and wrong. They are now preschoolers in the last stage, ages four through five. They can follow the rules and have their concept of what is right and what is wrong. They usually act morally to avoid punishment but also understand people’s feelings. They might still have to be reminded of the rules every so often. Cherry, K. (2021, July 30). Important milestones of cognitive development in children . Verywell Mind. Retrieved July 25, 2022, from https://www.verywellmind.com/cognitive- developmental-milestones-2795109

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4 Annotated Bibliography This article expresses the importance of cognitive development in children and what their month-to-month milestones should look like. According to Cherry, before 20th-century knowledge, people thought children were simply miniature versions of the adults around them. Cherry expresses that psychologist Jean Piaget was the one that explained that children behave and think differently than adults. Babies are always thinking, exploring the world around them, and learning. Even a baby as young as a newborn is always taking in new information and is constantly learning. Babies from birth to three months should be able to root and suck at a bottle or nipple display. They should also be able to sense the change in pitch and noise. From three to six months, they should be able to emulate facial expressions and distinguish familiar faces. From six to nine months, they should be able to understand the variance between living and non-living objects. From nine months to a year of age, they should be able to appreciate looking at books with pictures and copy gesticulations. From one to two years, they should be able to recognize objects that are alike and ascertain through examination. From two to three years of age, they should be able to match things and their use and answer to simple directions. From three to four years of age, they should be able to ask why to obtain new information and learn by observing. Lastly, from four to five, they should be able to draw the shape of a person and rhyme. This article also expresses how to help children reach those milestones and what to do if they are not reaching them in the time they should be. Developmental milestones for all ages: Milestone tracking . Pathways.org. (2022, June 28). Retrieved July 25, 2022, from https://pathways.org/all-ages/milestones/

5 Annotated Bibliography This article groups different developmental milestones for babies and children in separate groups. These developmental milestones are essential abilities children should be reaching weekly, monthly, and yearly. They are organized into four categories: Motor Milestones, Sensory Milestones, Communication Milestones, and Feeding Milestones. Motor Milestones: Zero through three months, while laying on their tummy, they should be able to push up on their arms and hold their head. Four through six rolls from tummy to back and from back to tummy. Seven through nine, sit without support. Ten through 12, clap hands. 13 through 18, walk independently. 19 through 24, go up and down the stairs with help. Sensory Milestones: Zero through three months enjoy movements. Four through six are not upset by all sounds around them. Seven through nine, focus on both near and far objects. Ten through 12, enjoy music. 13 through 18 help get dressed and undressed. 19 through 24, flips the switch on and off. Communication milestones: Zero through three months, coos, and smiles. Four through six react to sudden noises. Seven through nine imitates noises and sounds. Ten through 12, responds to the word “no.” 13 through 18, answers questions, and understands a minimum of 50 words. 19 through 24, names objects and understands terms of action. Two through three years of age, uses words like “in” and “on” and asks questions consisting of “what” and “where.” Feeding milestones: Zero through six months of age, latches onto nipple or bottle and then begins showing interest in food. Seven through 12, start eating thicker food and eating with fingers. 13 through 24, hold and drink from a cup independently. Domain 2: Perceptual . Illinois Early Learning Project. (2022, July 11). Retrieved July 25, 2022, from https://illinoisearlylearning.org/ielg/perceptual/

6 Annotated Bibliography This article explains how perceptual development states how children understand and construe sensory input. This development helps children familiarize themselves with their environment by using their senses. This article also explains whether the child is reaching set milestones. From birth to nine months of age, children begin to react to noises and changes in their environment. This can be aided by singing to the child and seeing their reaction. From seven to 18 months, children begin to handle materials, which can be helped by providing them with sensory objects like play dough. From16 to 24 months of age, children will start to appreciate physical play, and it should be aided by playing with the child and noticing their likes and dislikes. From 21 to 35 months, they will imitate adults while coloring, which should be helped by sitting and coloring with them. Mcilroy, T. (2022, April 29). The simple guide to sensory development in children . Empowered Parents. Retrieved July 25, 2022, from https://empoweredparents.co/sensory-development/ This article explains what sensory development is, like the link above, but goes into more detail about what it is. Sensory development is paramount to a child’s well-being and is the foundation of their learning. This development works together with the mind and senses to create a meaningful world. First, they begin to react to sensory stimulation from birth. Later they begin to develop their hand-eye coordination. Then, they create visual depth, which is what helps them move about without falling. Lastly is their sensory integration, which puts everything together. Neldner, K., & Crimston, C. (2021, October 19). Moral development: Children become more caring and inclusive as they age . The Conversation. Retrieved July 25, 2022, from

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7 Annotated Bibliography https://theconversation.com/moral-development-children-become-more-caring-and- inclusive-as-they-age-97465 This article researched 151 children ages four through ten and asked about the importance of 24 things and how much they cared for them. In the study, they included humans, animals, and non-alive articles. They discovered their capability to feel concerned for others improves as they age. We are all born with social skills like sharing and helping. However, they will not consciously know how to share correctly until after four, even though they know it is a good thing to do. They concluded that one age group, four-year- olds, did not care about sick people or shows, but those seven and above did care about sick people. For morality to fully develop, it takes time. They did find in their research that some things are stable through life, like preferring family members and best friends. Bad people are usually cast outside their concerns since they do not care for bullies. Perceptual, motor, and physical development . ECLKC. (2021, June 15). Retrieved July 25, 2022, from https://eclkc.ohs.acf.hhs.gov/school-readiness/effective-practice-guides/perceptual- motor-physical-development This article explains how a child’s learning foundation is their physical, motor, and perceptual development. The development of these areas helps children explore their environment to their full extent and with others. This article includes four essential elements: Gross motor, fine motor, health, safety and nutrition, and perception. Gross motor skills are the use of their entire body. This includes gaining control of their head, neck, and torse as infants. It also includes sitting, standing, walking, throwing, and stretching. Fine motor skills are the small muscles in a person’s body, mainly the ones in

8 Annotated Bibliography their hands and feet. Children use their fine motor skills to grab, hold and manipulate small objects. Health, safety, and nutrition are how knowledgeable a child is on using healthy and safe behaviors. Perception includes how children utilize their senses to gather and understand the information around them and respond to it. This includes exploration and making sense of what they see constantly. Siegler, R. (2022). Cognitive development in childhoodR . Noba. Retrieved July 25, 2022, from https://nobaproject.com/modules/cognitive-development-in-childhood This article explains cognitive development and how to differentiate this from simple thinking. They explain how thinking can include problem-solving, creating, reasoning, remembering, and planning. However, cognitive development is not solely the development of thought. It details the nature versus nurture debate on how a child develops and if their development can be changed through the nurture of their environment. Cognitive development will have multiple milestones varying from person to person, and reaching them is vital to developing other aspects of life Social-emotional milestones . Early Stages. (n.d.). Retrieved July 25, 2022, from https://www.earlystagesdc.org/page/social-emotional-milestones This article goes into detail about the milestones needed to be reached by every child for their social-emotional development. Social-emotional development is how a child expresses their emotions, how they follow the rules, how they work well with others, and how they build their confidence. Children should be able to have friendships with other children. Follow regulations both at home and school. Have confidence when trying new

9 Annotated Bibliography things. By two months, children should be able to smile at others. By the age of two through four, children should be able to play with others and be visibly upset when they stop playing. Children should be able to look at themselves in the mirror by six months. By the age of nine months, children should have a favorite toy. By one year, they should be able to cry when their parents leave. By 18 months, they should be able to hand things to others to play with. By two years, they should get excited and look forward to playing with other children. By three years, they should be able to copy adults and friends. By four years, they should enjoy doing new things. By five years, they should like to sing along to songs. Stucke, N. (2021, November 5). What is social development in early childhood? Reflection Sciences. Retrieved July 25, 2022, from https://reflectionsciences.com/blog-what-is-early- childhood-social-development/ This article details the milestones, and red flags children can express while developing socially. This development helps children interact with others and even regulate their behavior towards others and themselves. By the ages of three and four, children should be confident in themselves and able to do things unassisted. They should also be able to follow simple rules and share toys. By the ages of four and five, children are aware of how individual they can be. They should be able to understand other feelings and show an understanding of what is right and wrong. However, if children show no interest in playing with others, cannot take turns, want to depend on their caregiver for everything, and have difficulty separating from their parents, this can indicate an incorrect social development.

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