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Pharmacology and the Brain by Ryan Norris PSY 300

Study Summary Pharmacology and the Brain • Summary of research • Why pharmacology and the brain are important • Valuable future research • Benefit of research • Conclusion

Summary Pharmacology and the Brain • (2013-2016) CDC states 48.4% of Americans used at least one prescription drug in the last 30 days • Opioids are designed to activate opioid receptors on cells in the brain • Natural and alternative measures should be attempted before using prescription medicines

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Gap Pharmacology and the Brain • Lack of information regarding the long-term affect on the brain when the medications are taken. • Hippocampal plasticity • Hippocampus-dependent learning and memory • Relapse to drug abuse

Explanation of Gap Pharmacology and the Brain • Drug addiction • Drug relapse • Short term mental health issues • Long term mental health issues • Male Impotence

Current Research Tie-Ins Pharmacology and the Brain • Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI’s) • Hippocampus and Memory • Amygdala and serotonin

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Future Research Pharmacology and the Brain SHOULD CONCENTRATE ON PRESCRIPTIONS THAT ARE ABLE TO CAUSE SLOW DOWN OF ATROPHY (ANAND, 2012) COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINES (CAM) NATURAL REMEDIES FOR SELF SOOTHING APPLICATIONS

Benefits to the Field Pharmacology and the Brain • Longer life expectancy • Natural remedies have less of a reaction on the body • Knowing the impact of medication can provide a transparent relationship between physician and patient

References Pharmacology and the Brain Anand, K. S., & Dhikav, V. (2012). Hippocampus in health and disease: An overview. Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology , 15 (4), 239–246. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-2327.104323 Bigos, K. L., Pollock, B. G., Aizenstein, H. J., Fisher, P. M., Bies, R. R., & Hariri, A. R. (2008). Acute 5-HT reuptake blockade potentiates human amygdala reactivity. Neuropsychopharmacology , 33 (13), 3221–3225. https://doi-org.ezproxy.snhu.edu/10.1038/npp.2008.52 Cansu, A., Ekinci, Ö., Ekinci, Ö., Serdaroglu, A., Erdoğan, D., Coşkun, Z. K., & Gürgen, S. G. (2011). Methylphenidate has dose-dependent negative effects on rat spermatogenesis: decreased round spermatids and testicular weight and increased p53 expression and apoptosis. Human & Experimental Toxicology, 30(10), 1592–1600. https://doi.org/10.1177/0960327110394224

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References Continued Pharmacology and the Brain Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC, (2020). Therapeutic Drug Use: Perscription drug use https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/drug-use-therapeutic.htm McD Taylor, D., Walsham, N., Taylor, S. E., & Wong, L. F. (2006). Complementary and alternative medicines versus prescription drugs: perceptions of emergency department patients. Emergency medicine journal : EMJ , 23 (4), 266–268. https://doi.org/10.1136/emj.2005.026138 NIDA. 2020, May 27. Prescription Opioids DrugFacts. Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/prescription-opioids

References Continued Pharmacology and the Brain NIDA. 2020, June 15. Mental Health Effects: Health Consequences of Drug Misuse https://www.drugabuse.gov/drug-topics/health-consequences-drug-misuse/mental-health-effect s

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