PSY257 7-2 FP EDIT

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1 Society Impacts Mental Illness Ryan Norris Society Impacts Mental Illness Southern New Hampshire University Psy-257, Dr. Canfield Final Project

2 Society Impacts Mental Illness Article 1 Supporting references like this article; “Lessons from social psychology on discrediting psychiatric stigma ( Corrigan, 2015)”, that help explain how society views individuals diagnosed or labeled with mental illness. Supporting the claim that society impacts mental illness through the way we interact. This article review helps bring attention to the realm of social psychology and its potential to be wrongfully judged. Using avenues such as protest, education and promoting contact between the public and persons with mental illness helps shine a light on the stigma created (Corrigan, 2015) . The social motives of this article are to bring attention to the stigma of severe mental illness. Also, to recognize that ethnic minority and other group stereotypes need to be considered when implementing strategies to deter the stigma. Studying the social context factor shows that trying to help could be hurtful and harmful to those minorities (Corrigan, 2015). In this article, authors argue using a social motivation technique can reduce stigmatization of persons with severe mental illness. This will be supported using theory and findings from the social psychology literature on stigma reduction for persons of ethnic minorities and other “out-groups”, (Corrigan, 2015). Claiming that reducing the stigmatization of mentally ill patients will provide the patients with a higher quality of life. The correlative studies being looked at regarding the appropriate social thinking are the historical methods used of how to educate the populous. Researchers are looking at different and newer avenues of approach as not all people learn through the same method. Advertising campaigns, in person contact, educational brochures and digital media are different variable methods for distributing educational enlightenment material. Another variable that the researchers are studying is the

3 Society Impacts Mental Illness different responses in women and men. Historically, these variables have been found beneficial in studies from the past. Other studies have shown research indicates that persons who have a better understanding of mental illness are less likely to endorse stigma and discrimination (Corrigan, 2015). Other variables that have been researched are the interaction between the males and females towards the mentally ill. Research supports that women are more likely to be kinder than males. Several research designs were used. Observation, correlational and descriptive were some of the study designs that the researchers used. Researchers examined the mentally ill clients. They researched previous beliefs and stigmas against the mentally ill. Finally, they correlated relationships and personal approaches to reduce the stigma for mentally ill diagnosed individuals. I do believe this article was conducted in an ethical manner because of the respect and openness of the research. When the researchers were looking at previous cases, they had the utmost respect for anonymity. The views of keeping clients or targets information sacred has remained the same throughout the history of the research. The researchers also discredited those who were perpetuating the stereotype to have a more diverse selection. Article 2 Supporting references like this article, "If only I didn't embarrass myself in front of the class!", helps explain how internal thoughts can help us control our personal anxiety. The purpose of this article is to examine the relationship between social anxiety (SA) and upward counterfactual thinking (U-CFT), (Monforton, 2012). The researchers wanted to examine how individuals with anxiety related with controlling their thoughts with opposite thinking.

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4 Society Impacts Mental Illness Researchers hypothesize that social anxiety stems from beliefs that one is likely to behave incompetently in social situations, be negatively evaluated by others and suffer dire social consequences as a result (Monforton, 2012). Basically, negative thoughts about an individual’s self will lead to the emotional feeling of social anxiety. Social media is ripe with opportunity to negatively impact one’s self-image. The constant comparing and contrasting could turn internal. If this comparison is internalized, regardless of the circumstance, this individual will constantly be comparing themselves to others, providing an even stronger foundation for insecurity to evolve into anxiety. Variable factors being examined regarding appropriate social thinking would include social anxiety, counterfactual thinking and depression (Monforton, 2020). Researchers are using observation methods of examining interactions between those with self-reported issues. Issues consist of counterfactual thoughts, low-anxiety, high-anxiety, depression, perfectionism and rumination. Correlation connection has been found between thought and emotions but specifying and identifying causation is a lot harder. These variables have been studied before and those studies found that anxiety and depression were often correlated. “For instance, Kocovski and colleagues (2005) explored this topic via a similar design; however, the current study adds to this paper by assessing the potential impact of the controllability of an aversive social event on subsequent U-CFT generation and by explicitly measuring potential mediating variables (such as depression) in the association of Social Anxiety and U-CFT. “, (Monforton, 2020).

5 Society Impacts Mental Illness Using a slightly different variable like perfectionism as an indicator of causation. The previous experiments have not been so intricate as to dissect how U-CFT and anxiety are generated. Researchers use and experiment with (n=88; 58 females and 30 males). They observed and manipulated the variables in the experiment. Some of the clients were students that received partial credit while others were paid $10 for their participation. Most of the research that reported on the analysis was completed ethically. I do not believe how they reported the information as ethical. If an experiment is going to be done for a medical purpose to distribute information to assist the public, it needs to be real. For example, these targets were all self-diagnosed. If a report is going to help those with diagnosed anxiety than the experiment should be performed with those who are truly diagnosed by a medical professional. Anyone can say they are anxious and make $10. How does this ethically pertain to someone who is, medically, diagnosed with PTSD? It does not. Article 3 The purpose of this article, “Effects of perinatal mental disorders on the fetus and child”, is to help present empirical evidence that perinatal mental disorders are associated with increased risk of psychological and developmental disturbances in children (Stein, 2014). With this information the medical field can have a more preventative and informative approach to psychological possibilities during the perinatal stage. New preventions and instructional courses can be developed for those born with mental setbacks. Someone born from a parent with these struggles may be extra vulnerable to the impact society has on their internal ideation. The research with, postnatally, maternal mental disorders might change maternal caregiving. The experiment in animal studies lead to epigenetic changes in offspring. Thus, epigenetic pathways might mediate the association between maternal disorders and child outcomes (Stein, 2014).

6 Society Impacts Mental Illness Research is supporting the empirical evidence that mental disorders may be hereditary. While a disorder may be hereditary society can debilitate the affliction worse by altering perception of self. Different variables that are being examined through a correlational research method to appropriate social thinking are duration of the parental disorder and support system to that individual. Increases in glucocorticoid and methylation and other variables are the biological connections to the father and mother and the possible physiological connections to mental illness. Variables as specific as these have not been studied before. However, variables such as the effectiveness of perinatal mental health services or independent maternal health. The findings of these research projects all supported the assessment that mental health is a real concern prior to conception. Any expectant mother that is diagnosed or suspects an anxiety disorder should consult a provider for suggestion for assistance with self-education. The types of research designs used in this study were observational, correlational and a longitudinal study. These studies make comparison of a period. Taking the time to research the information and follow the outcome is a tedious process. With this research being the first of its kind, many questions are left unanswered. Numerous experiments are yet to come regarding the biological connection to anxiety disorders. I do believe the research from this article was conducted in an ethical manner because they kept the documentation sacred without spilling secrets or wrongfully releasing the client’s information. Researchers were professional in their response and made no assumptions that were not supported by empirical evidence. As these studies are more modern, researcher is currently laying the foundation for future experiments. Without history to look back at researchers are in uncharted territory with these research inquisitions.

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7 Society Impacts Mental Illness Article 4 Other articles such as; “Sex, status, competition, and exclusion: Intra-minority stress from within the gay community and gay and bisexual men’s mental health”, have focused on biology and heterosexual male and females. Should we not also examine the homosexual communities as well. Individuals who identify with the LGBTQ+ community are at excess risk for mental disorders (Cochran, 2003). The purpose of this article is to show that connection to the stressors of the gay and bisexual life of men and women is to be correlated with their social status perspective. Overall, these experiments provide partial support for the possibility that gay and bisexual men’s status concerns underlie their experience of gay community stress (Pachankis, 2020). Providing opportunities for mental illness to thrive through depression and anxiety, which is common in this lifestyle. The claims the researchers make are that the individual’s obsession with social status is a precursor for the overall stress and anxiety they are feeling. Researchers also hypothesize that intra-minority gay community stress will mediate the association between one’s status in the gay community and their mental health (Pachankis, 2020). The evolution of this manner of ideology has not waivered. Different variables that were factored into the research regarding social thinking were the participants sexual preference and ethnicity. Social status of the community was also a factor. Self-assessed rejection versus acceptance emotions were also variables measured. Previous research finds associations between the scale of internalized homophobia within gay and bisexual men and depression. This connection leads to mental health discoveries.

8 Society Impacts Mental Illness Research has also shown previously rejection from presumably heterosexual men yielded higher felt exclusion than rejection from gay men (Pachankis, 2020). This supports the connections between exclusion, rejection, and depression. Also, supporting that society can worsen an individual’s mental affliction. The research design used qualitative information for this study by conducting an experiment with observations of independent variables. Researchers also gathered quantitative data using surveys and content analysis to obtain their findings. Yes, this article was conducted in an ethical manner. The targets were treated equally, and human rights were considered while dealing with these individuals. All participants cooperated willingly, and anonymity was kept throughout the entire experiment. These ethical considerations have changed over time as acceptance for the LGBTQ+ community has grown. Article 5 This article; “Moving to Opportunity: An Experimental Study of Neighborhood Effects on Mental Health”, is a valuable resource that supports our present living circumstances and the impact it has on our mental conditioning. The purpose of this article is to show that there are health consequences to living in a neighborhood of poverty. The health consequences of neighborhood poverty are a public health problem. Data was obtained to examine links between neighborhood residence and mental health outcomes (Tama, 2003). This research helps us understand how the 10.5% of America’s poorest individuals struggle with mental health and the impact from and to their environment (Bureau, 2020). The hypothesis has stated that over time, the absence of programs in low economic areas leads to a lower morale, leading to depression and other mental illnesses. Researchers also

9 Society Impacts Mental Illness hypothesize that more advantaged neighborhoods provide better health and social resources— such as quality health services, schools, and housing, as well as youth programs, parks, and sport facilities— than poor neighborhoods (Tama, 2003). Variables that were observed in this experiment were the treatment of the 550 families and the controlled Section 8 group that participated. An experimental design was used for this research. Instrumental variable analysis was also intricate part of the experiment. The families were also looked at from a subgroup unit to an individual. Studies in the past have conducted research on neighborhood characteristic, along with baseline parental and family characteristic (Tama, 2003). These studies have affirmed the harsh reality of those that live in poverty and the struggles that go along with living in such an environment. This single blind randomized controlled design was used to research these hypotheses. Using volunteers from lower income areas that were divided using a random selection method every other three individuals were broken into three different experimental groups. This article was conducted in the most ethical manner. Not only was each group randomly assigned, but anonymity of the family members was also kept. Each family unit offered their services, so no family was forced into the experiment. The analysis was all measured with equal approach keeping bias to a minimum. Research Design The research design for understanding if rejection of society can increase or even become a mental illness, due to stress and anxiety, will be conducted as a quasi-experiment style. This design will be beneficial because it allows the participants to be divided in a non- random manner. This way we can control two extremes in the same setting without the

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10 Society Impacts Mental Illness target’s knowledge. By gathering qualitative data from social media platforms, invitations will be sent out to select the targets for analysis. Those that are selected will be of polarizing political and philosophical ideologies. Gathering this data will support our initial hypothesis, those with a compulsion to focus on social media topics and conversations are more prone to anxiety and stress levels. Selecting the most polarizing views and ideologies will help provide a strong reaction when given the experimental stimuli. Building upon the initial research design ideas from module two, the archival research will provide a plethora of statements the targets have used along with post they have liked or commented on. Also research that has been completed on anxiety and stress will help substantiate the investigation. Building on the observational aspect of the exercise will allow for organic observation to take place. Anxiety will be measured using the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A). Adding new elements to the research design based on our gap worksheet will include personal communication with the targets. Three sessions consisting of one hour with everyone will provide a solid foundation for why the targets identify with the opinions they believe. Learning how, when and why the targets developed their opinions will be pivotal to understanding their perspective of voice. Gathering an understanding will not help their current behavior circumstances but could reveal their true emotions and feelings. This may help develop a regimen to prevent the emotions of stress and anxiety. Implementation of this research will take place over an estimated 3-year time frame of gathering data and target subjects. Each subject will spend a one-week period in a designated location that solicits a restful and peaceful environment. Invoking peace will help provide

11 Society Impacts Mental Illness confirmation that the environment does not induce stress. Thus, behavior and digital media will be the only other variables. These targets will be recorded constantly, 24 hours a day, 7 days that restful week, except in the private bathroom. Their digital lives will be scrutinized and investigated. After the week concludes all digital media will be copied and kept for future analysis. Targets will be taken home and if they desire and they can obtain a copy of the study when it completed in its entirety. Accounting for any issues of ethics will be covered as discussed in module two. Private information and health records will be guarded and protected under the current Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA). Due to privacy concerns with digital information will be kept on the z13 mainframe built by IBM one of the world’s most secure servers. This server has the power to encrypt and decrypt data twice a day (Morgan. 2016). This is the most secure sever to date. Security, protection, and privacy of the targets is paramount to the success of the research.

12 Society Impacts Mental Illness Reference: Bureau, U. (2020). Income, poverty and health insurance coverage in the United States. https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2020/income-poverty.html Cochran, S. D., Mays, V. M., & Sullivan, J. G. (2003). Prevalence of mental disorders, psychological distress, and mental health services use among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults in the United States. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology , 71 (1), 53–61. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-006x.71.1.53 Corrigan, P. W., & Penn, D. L. (2015). Lessons from social psychology on discrediting psychiatric stigma. Stigma and Health , 1 (S), 2–17. https://doi-org.ezproxy.snhu.edu/10.1037/2376-6972.1.S.2 HAMILTON M. (1959). The assessment of anxiety states by rating. The British journal of medical psychology , 32 (1), 50–55. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8341.1959.tb00467.x Monforton, J., Vickers, K., & Antony, M. M. (2012). "If only I didn't embarrass myself in front of the class!": Social anxiety and upward counterfactual thinking. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 31 (3), 312-328. http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.snhu.edu/101521jscp2012313312

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13 Society Impacts Mental Illness Morgan, S. (2016, March 08). IBM's New Cyberframe Is the World's Most Secure Server For Data Centers, Cloud And Mobile. https://www.forbes.com/sites/stevemorgan/2016/02/16/ibms-new-cyberframe-is-the- worlds-most-secure-server/?sh=3478fc7b367b Pachankis, J. E., Clark, K. A., Burton, C. L., Hughto, J. M. W., Bränström, R., & Keene, D. E. (2020). Sex, status, competition, and exclusion: Intra-minority stress from within the gay community and gay and bisexual men’s mental health. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 119 (3), 713–740. https://doi-org.ezproxy.snhu.edu/10.1037/pspp0000282 Secretary, H., & (OCR), O. (2013). Summary of the HIPAA Privacy Rule. https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/for-professionals/privacy/laws-regulations/index.html Stein, A., Pearson, R., Goodman, S., Rapa, E., Rahman, A., McCallum, M., . . . Pariante, C. (2014). Effects of perinatal mental disorders on the fetus and child. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673614612770 Tama, L., Brooks-Gunn, J., (2003). Moving to Opportunity: An Experimental Study of Neighborhood Effects on Mental Health. American Journal of Public Health 93, 1576_1582, https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.93.9.1576

PSY257 7-2 FP EDIT

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