Exam 1 Study Guide

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Arizona State University *

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472

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Psychology

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Feb 20, 2024

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Chapter 1 1. Definition of clinical psychology a. Evolution of the definition: Lightner Witmer first defined clinical psych as as person whose work with others involved aspects of treatment, education, and interpersonal issues b. Current ‘best’ definition: (APA division 12) Research, teaching, and services related to the application of principles, methods, and procedure for understanding, predicting, and alleviating maladjustment, disability, and discomfort. 2. Compare the training foci of the scientist-practitioner (Boulder), practitioner-scholar (Vail), and clinical scientist models of training. a. Be able to link the training to the areas of practice/work for clinical psychologists trained in each of the three models.  Scientist-Practitioner Model (Boulder): competent in research and academic work and practitioner work (PhD)  Practitioner scholar model (Vail): generally linked to PsyD. Focuses less on foundational science. Focuses more on the development of clinical skills and practice. o Less involved in research  Clinical-Scientist Model: emphasizes research or empiricism (PhD). o Evidence-based interventions. o Less opportunity for clinical practice o More research-based 3. Discuss perceived advantages and limitations of the scientist-practitioner (Boulder), practitioner-scholar (Vail), and clinical scientist models of training.  Scientist-Practitioner (Boulder): o Advantages o Limitations  Practitioner scholar (Vail): o Advantages  Accept and enroll a much larger number of applicants. o Limitations  Less emphasis on research-related training  Less funding to enrolled students.  Clinical scientist: 4. Identify key applicant characteristics preferred by clinical psychology graduate programs.  Lab and research experience  High GPA; earn high grades.  Those that have good letters of recommendation from profesors  Effective personal statements  Prepared for interview.  Good GRE score  Consider long-term goals. 5. Identify current professional activities and employment settings of clinical psychologists in the United States. Universities, medical centers, hospitals, offices, private practices, schools, jails, prisons, businesses, Hollywood, community mental health centers, courts, military, and online crisis lines.

6. Differentiate clinical psychologists from related professions, including counseling psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, school psychologists, professional counselors, and marriage and family therapists. a. Training b. Work settings/locations c. Populations of clients each engages with i. Severity of mental illness treated.  Counseling psychologists o Their training is the same, a PhD or PsyD is required. o They work more in private practices or university counseling centers. o They usually engage with those with less severe psychological disorders often going through distress due to life transitioning.  Psychiatrists- they are medical doctors, and their primary job is to prescribe pharma psychological interventions to treat. Few provide therapy and it is biologically based. o Work in hospital settings.  Social worker o Typically earn a master’s degree o Focus on the interaction betweena client and components of society that may worsen or alleviate a clients problem.  Racism, oppressive gender roles, poverty, abuse, etc. o They work by visiting homes, workplaces, organizations, etc.  School psychologist o They conduct tests on kids to determine diagnosis o Many states only require a master’s and not a doctorate. o You work in schools, daycare centers, or prisons. o Usually work with school-aged students  Professional counselors o Earn a master. o Provides help for everyday life transition problems o Less severe mental illness  Marriage and family therapists o Earn a master’s degree. o Work with couples and families and issues related to the relationship between the two. o Private practice, clinics, agenicies Chapter 2 1. what were the major contributions that William Tuke brought to mental health care from the 1700s to the late 1800s a. (1732-1822) William found It his life mission to improve the conditions for those who were in asylums because of their mental illness. He opened up the York Retreat, which was a residential treatment center for those with mental illnesses. b. Naming it a retreat changed the approach that they had toward mental illness at the time c. He took good care of the patients by providing good food, exercise, and friendly staff

d. Soon after similar institutions began to open across Europe and the US. 2. what were the major contributions that Eli Todd brought to mental health care from the 1700s to the late 1800s a. (1762-1832) b. Todd was a physician in Connecticut and there were only 3 states with hospitals for people with mental illness. c. Todd was able to open up The Retreat in Hartford, Connecticut where patients were treated in a humane and dignified way. They had autonomy over their treatment plan d. Similar institutions began to open up because of the success seen in Todd treatment plan. 3. Describe Lightner Witmer’s key contributions to the field of clinical psychology. a. (1867-1956) b. He started the first psychological clinic in 1896, which was the first time when the science was applied to people and their problems c. He mainly only worked with children who had problems in school settings that were related to learning or behavior. d. He also believed that clinical psych could be applied to adults and children without issues in school. e. He also founded the first scholarly journal titles “The Psychological clinic.” f. He coined the term clinical psychology g. He never really measured for effectiveness. h. By 1935 there were 150 clinics 4. Recount the development of key diagnostic systems for mental illness from the 1800s to the present. a. At the beginning: i. Neurosis: maladaptation in which the person remained connected to reality such as depression, anxiety ii. Psychosis: maladaptation in which the person departs from reality such as schizophrenia iii. It was mainly seen was what a person was b. Later on: Emil Kraepelin i. Exogenous: the disorder is a result of external factors ii. Endogenous: the disorder is a result of internal factors c. Modern: i. Externalizing: things that we can see and observe on the outside 1. ADHD, conduct disorder. ii. Internalizing: things that a person may experience but is not visible 1. Anxiety, depression. 5. Evaluate the process used to decide what will become a DSM disorder. a. During revision of the DSM the authors oversee an extensive process in which they must decide whether or not to add certain experiences or sets of symptoms as official diagnoses. 6. Identify important people and psychological instruments in the history of intellectual and personality assessment. a. Intellectual

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i. The first type of testing that emerged in the profession. ii. It started as G (general intelligence)- Charles Spearman 1. Weschler- the first that came out but has now been advanced for children and small children (adults): David Weschler 2. Stanford Binet (school aged children): Alfred Binet a. ^ the most popular forms of testing 3. WISC (for children) 4. WAIS (adult) 5. WPPSI (very young children) b. Personality: i. Herman Rorschach: Rorschach Inkblot Method (projective personality tests) ii. Christina Morgan and Henry Murray: Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): depict scenes insteads of blots iii. Objective Personality tests 1. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI): Starke Hathaway and J.C. Mckinley 2. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2 (MMPI-2)- included minorities 3. ---Adolescent: This was made for adolescents 7. Explain the influence of war on the professional activities of clinical psychologists. a. Therapy, assessment, and training has been shaped by attempts from the government and individuals to select soldiers and treat them after they served their countries in the military b. Some claim there have been bursts of knowledge because of the aftermath of wars c. The creation of the DSM d. Shell-shock aka PTSD e. Led to the accreditation of clinical psychology doctoral training programs and the boulder model of training 8. Discuss the growth of clinical psychology in the United States from the early 1900s to the present. a. In 1917 the American Association of Clinical Psychologists was founded b. In 1919 it transitioned into the clinical section of the American psychological associated c. 1921 the psychological corporation was founded d. 1940s: American Psychological Association e. 1949: The Boulder Conference took place: practice and research were essential in training f. 1960s-1970s: more women and members of various ethnic and racial groups into the field i. What might be barriers to growth for certain populations? ii. How might current events (e.g., the COVID-19 pandemic) shape the field of clinical psychology going forward. Chapter 3

1. Articulate the arguments for and against clinical psychologists gaining prescription privileges. a. Pros: i. Coordination of care ii. Financial efficiency and time efficiency (no need to visit a psychiatrist and a psychologist) iii. No barriers b. Cons i. No checks and balances ii. Losing professional identity. iii. May not have enough knowledge. 2. Describe how technology can be used in the delivery of psychological services. a. Videoconferencing, use of applications (better help, meditation apps), email or text to provide psychotherapy. b. Interactive internet line c. Virtual reality exposes clients to feared objects. d. Self-help programs: self-guided programs to learn of coping skills, etc. e. Wearable tech such as apple watches. i. This is especially important in current practice as many providers are using telemedicine sessions to see patients during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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