PSY222_Project_One

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1 Project One Kimberlyn Boddie Southern New Hampshire University PSY 222: Research Methods in Psychology Dr. Shauntele Rogers February 21, 2023

2 Project One Topic: Income and happiness for adults in the U.S. 1. Determine the plan’s background introduction . Include the following details:  The title of the plan  Summary of three relevant empirical and scholarly research studies for the plan. Each summary should be about 150 to 250 words. The title of this research plan is: The title of the plan is "Income and happiness for adults in the U.S." Devoe SE, Pfeffer J, DeVoe, S. E., & Pfeffer, J. (2009). When is happiness about how much you earn? The effect of hourly payment on the money--happiness connection. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin , 35 (12), 1602–1618. https://doi-org.ezproxy.snhu.edu/10.1177/0146167209346304 Its origin "When Is Happiness Dependant on Your Earnings? Hourly Pay's Impact on the Relationship Between Money and Happiness "In conclusion, the study debates whether or not the strength of the association between income and happiness might be affected by hourly pay. In order to arrive to their hypothesis, they opt to take a different route by defining happiness and subjective well- being as cognitive assessments of one's life or psychological health. The study came to the conclusion that cross-sectional studies have found a correlation between wealth and happiness, but that this correlation varied greatly. The experts concur that organizational experiences and individual differences might both contribute. They used the research that were conducted as the foundation for their panel studies. Brooks, A. C. (2008). How to succeed in life ... by really trying: money doesn’t buy happiness, but success does. Arthur C. Brooks explores how capitalism, moored in proper values of hard work, honesty, and fairness, is a key to our gross national happiness. The American (Washington, DC) , 2 (3), 26. The summary of the source "How to Succeed in Life...By Truly Trying" discusses our reward system and how you earn your money will affect your happiness. According to the author, the best way to ensure that everyone has a greater chance of success is to have a capitalism-based government, which will reward effort and morality. The author gives instances of many situations and demonstrates how each might have a different outcome depending on how one plays their cards. If you treat others well, you will be rewarded. If you treat people poorly, no matter how much money you have, you will not be happy. The

3 author also emphasizes on the many opportunities Americans have as compared to other nations. Hence, having more than someone else can be a cause for happiness, albeit it is not a must. So, having money on its own does not guarantee happiness. Graham, C. (2017). Happiness for all? : unequal hopes and lives in pursuit of the American dream . Princeton University Press. Happiness for All? : Unequal Hopes and Lives in Search of the American Dream, source An academic research on poverty is available from Princeton University Press. The author illustrates the disparities in American life and society by using studies from the US and throughout the world. Notwithstanding what our civil liberties say, the author also addresses how poverty divides us. According to the author, the rising numbers in the United States today are related to income inequality and general well-being. According to Graham, living in poverty comes with a heavy price, including worry, having low aspirations, and just being insecure and lacking self-confidence. Who believes in the American dream, asks Graham in his closing statement? The wealth and poverty disparities are substantial. 2. Develop a clear and specific research question that is relevant to the three research studies you chose. Your response should be about 25 words. Is contentment attainable by having affluence that one may gloat about in comparison to those who have less? 3. Develop a clear, specific, and testable hypothesis that corresponds to your research question. Your response should be about 25 words. Consider the following in your hypothesis:  Your hypothesis should be informed by the claim you are making. Can less income have the same consequence as more income if more income makes a person happier? 4. Describe aspects of sampling that you would want to consider while acquiring participants for your study. Your response should be about 100 words. I would like to target participants based on their socioeconomic position as a sample strategy when recruiting volunteers for my study. This will guarantee that I receive

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4 feedback from each class. To draw a correlation between the socioeconomic groupings, I would also need data from the prior year. In order to reach a conclusion to support my theory, I would sample young versus old and same-age individuals. 5. Select a design (experimental or correlational) for your proposed study that aligns with the research question and hypothesis. Your response should be about 100 words. Include the following details:  Explain why you selected this design.  Identify conceptual variables that align with the research question and hypothesis. Experimental and correlational designs would be chosen. To arrive at a hypothesis, one must undertake research and test the hypothesis's theory. The variable would contain the exact same questions addressed to the same individuals, followed a slurve with a different situation applied to determine if the participants will still reply in the same manner or provide a different response dependen on the scenario. Conducting a survey and having each group respond is an experiment since the outcome is unknown until the results are presented. The drawn correlation would be a comparison within the participant groups. In this experiment, we want to test those who would experience happiness. Will it be the person with more money or the person with less money. Collecting data from the prior year using a similar way would allow me to see whether there has been a change. 6. Select a measure to operationally define each of your conceptual variables. Your response should be about 100 words per variable. Include the following details:  As you select a measure, also state whether it uses natural/laboratory observations, surveys, objective/physiological measures, interviews, etc.  For each variable you measure, identify its scale of measurement. To operationally define each of my conceptual variables, I would conduct a poll with groups stratified by socio economic status. This would be done through an email-based questionnaire. I would utilize a scale system since it is the quickest method to count the replies depending on how each group is organized. I'd then administer another poll with truthful or false response options. The data would be gathered to determine which group is the happiest overall and why. For ethical reasons, all volunteers would be kept anonymous. The methods of this study will be disclosed to the participants. 7. Describe your type of analysis and the p value required to support your hypothesis. Your response should be about 50 words.

5 I must be honest about this portion of the assignment, this was by far a very difficult assignment for me. I'm displayed difficulty comprehending the assignment. 8. Develop the plan’s discussion content. Your response should be about 250 to 350 words. Include the following details:  What you would expect to be the main finding of your study  How you would know if your hypothesis was supported  The potential implications of the findings  A possible limitation of your proposed study  Directions for future research No study is absolutely faultless or covers every potential area. There’s always room for possible limitations in my study. Those possible limitations can include research design, technique, and materials are subject to restrictions. These variables may have an influence on the findings of your investigation. Nonetheless, researchers are frequently hesitant to acknowledge the limits of their study in their publications, fearing that doing so may diminish the study's scientific value in the eyes of readers and reviewers. However, from my study, I would anticipate that the key finding of my study would be that as the situation changes, there is a change for each participant. To determine Whether my hypothesis is supported, the results of the research must be as predicted including data gathered from reputable sources, participants completing questionnaires with honesty and accuracy. The inferences I can make from my findings and explain how the findings may be useful for policy, practice, or theory are that people who are more successful but not necessarily more wealthy can be just as happy, if not happier, than people who are more wealthy.

6 References Graham, C. (2017). Happiness for all? : unequal hopes and lives in pursuit of the American dream . Princeton University Press. Devoe SE, Pfeffer J, DeVoe, S. E., & Pfeffer, J. (2009). When is happiness about how much you earn? The effect of hourly payment on the money--happiness connection. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin , 35 (12), 1602–1618. https://doi-org.ezproxy.snhu.edu/10.1177/0146167209346304Brooks, A. C. (2008). How to succeed in life ... by really trying: money doesn’t buy happiness, but success does. Arthur C. Brooks explores how capitalism, moored in proper values of hard work, honesty, and fairness, is a key to our gross national happiness. The American (Washington, DC) , 2 (3), 26.

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