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Psychology

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Feb 20, 2024

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Slide 2 Introduction All brains are unique in ways that one cannot fully comprehend. Still, advances in science and technology aid in more discoveries than before—studying the brain results in exciting findings and discovering different brain structures, such as that of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder or ADHD. The structure of an ADHD brain differs from typical structure and volume. Throughout this presentation, ADHD and brain region specifics that are affected by the disorder will be uncovered. ADHD affects all areas of ones everyday life but the symptoms and behavior differ per individual. Symptoms of ADHD include poor planning and organization skills, time management struggles, faulty working memory, initiating tasks, plus many more which will be discussed further on in this presentation. Behaviors that show the everyday struggles of ADHD include, running late to places, unable to remember multiple directions, struggle to organize the house or manage a routine and inability to plan ahead (i.e. procrastination on important deadlines). All of the information given here will be addressed further in this presentation. Slide 3 Dopamine and Serotonin transmitters are affected by Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Dopamine is the brain's neurotransmitter that is in charge of the reward system; with ADHD, dopamine is lower than those without the developmental disorder. Having lower levels of dopamine causes struggles with the executive function area of the brain where task initiation is located (Klein et al., 2017). Serotonin is known as the "happy" transmitter, which is also seen at lower levels than in individuals without ADHD. Lower serotonin can lead to struggles with depression, which can cover symptoms of ADHD, making it harder to diagnose in specific individuals such as women. Neurotransmitters work with neurons and are released after an action is released from the brain. Vesicles release transmitters in the presynaptic cell, which move and stay within the terminal membrane (Carlson, 2021). The transmitter release begins with communication between neurons. Those with ADHD have less transmitter releases involving dopamine and serotonin. For this reason, those with ADHD utilize stimulant medication to aid in the amount of dopamine transmitted at a regular pace. Slide 4 The connection between females and males with ADHD are established to dictate differences in the function of boys and girls diagnosed with ADHD (Nikolaidis et al., 2022). With limited studies on sex and FCSC connectivity differences, there is not enough data to officially count the differences as significant. As seen in other studies of ADHD and the female brain, males and females show different symptoms in a variety of ways. Hyperconnectivity is found through multiple synapses, including the dopamine neurotransmitter. A survey was used for both males and females as a cause of attention lapse (Nikolaidis et al. 2022). The study did not identify different causes of a lapse in attention. Slide 5

Individuals with ADHD show a completely different brain structure to those without it. The entire volume of the brain is smaller than that of people without ADHD. According to Friedman & Rapoport (2015), volumetric analyses show drastically lower brain volume in ADHD patients than those without. The most noticeable differences are in multiple regions, including the cerebellum. The cerebellum has many responsibilities, including balance and motor function. Those with ADHD have more coordination and balance struggles than their typical peers. The cerebellum also has some responsibility in language processing and memory. In ADHD, the working memory is impaired by having less volume to store information while working with it. The cerebellum is one of the reasons that individuals with ADHD forget things so easily and can move quickly from doing one thing to starting an entirely new task. The cerebellum typically regulates emotion and balance and controls motor and sensorimotor integration. Other crucial functions include language and cognition (Cundari, 2023). In individuals with ADHD, the cerebellum shows differences in its functions. Through neuroimaging, the cerebellum is found to have a hand in various aspects of emotional regulation and cognitive function that, in previous years, was unknown. Initially, the cerebellum was thought to only control motor movement. According to Cundari (2023), studies show that the cerebellum has a lesser cognitive effect in those with a neurological disorder, such as ADHD, than neurological diseases. The impact that the cerebellum has on the symptoms of ADHD is not as pronounced as other diagnoses. Slide 6 Abnormalities seen in individuals with ADHD include the frontal lobe region of the brain. According to Fredrick et al. (2011), studies indicate lower cortical volume in the left frontal and temporal brain regions. The frontal lobe includes the executive function area, which provides planning, time management, organization, impulse control, flexible thinking, and problem- solving (Fredrick et al., 2011). Individuals with ADHD tend to struggle with executive function, so the frontal lobe is not working correctly. The frontal lobe region consists of the prefrontal cortex and the Frontal cortico striatal circuits (FCSC). The FCSC is shown as a connectivity to the brain's cerebellum which controls self regulation, motor, attention, and emotion segments. Understanding the frontal lobe and its role in the struggles involving ADHD provides a better chance for those who face performance struggles in the workplace. Slide 7 Workplace Studies show that management will encounter multiple employees with an ADHD diagnosis, and understanding how the ADHD brain functions will aid in a better work environment and higher profit for businesses. According to Robbins (2017), companies can implement workplace techniques that assist those with ADHD to work at total capacity. First, the structure is to understand ADHD and how to utilize these employees best. As management creates work environments that benefit all employees, employee morale will go up, and so will the profits for the bottom line. According to Mao et al. (2011), employees face performance issues and disappointed bosses. Job performance can change when given the proper help, including

accommodations and creating a better work environment. By addressing job performance through assessment or creating quieter environments where individuals can focus, those with ADHD have a chance to provide excellent results. Slide 8 Lifespan implications and history The term Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) was not an official term until the 1980's but the mental disorder has always affected individuals from childhood to adulthood. Today, there are three known types of ADHD: inattentive, hyperactive, and combined. The inattentive type closely aligns with the outdated diagnosis of ADD. The hyperactive type aligns with more impulsive actions and behaviors, plus the inability to sit still. The combined type includes symptoms of both inattentive and hyperactive types. Combined simply means sharing attention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. According to de la Pena et al. (2020), the primary key symptoms of ADHD are attention, motor hyperactivity, and impulsivity. In this paper, ADHD is uncovered through specific neurotransmitters and brain regions that are broken down to find the functions and dysfunctions behind them. There is no specified cure for ADHD currently but ADHD is studied through neuroimaging, typically a CT or MRI scan as well as testing through genetics. According to Durston (2003), the neurobiology of ADHD has grown exponentially and through converging evidence from multiple specialists including neuropharmacologist, genetics, and neuropsychology. It is clear that the fronto-striatal circuitry is involved in ADHD. The circuitry mentioned includes the neurotransmitters, dopamine and noradrenaline. Slide 9 Conclusion In conclusion, individuals with ADHD have a different brain structure than those with typical development. Struggles occur in ADHD brains due to a smaller volume of matter and lower levels of dopamine. Some brain regions affected by ADHD are the frontal lobe, cerebellum, and neurotransmitters. Each brain region controls specific emotions, actions, and function. There is not a significant amount of data indicating differences between males and females in their attention levels, so these struggles are more even among ADHD individuals. From overall brain regions down to the connectivity of circuits and transmitters, ADHD encompasses an entire brain. ADHD employees face lower job performance and struggle with management, but understanding the function of the ADHD brain will help employers get the most out of their employees. As research continues to grow on the topic of ADHD, only more can be learned about this disorder and the effects it has on the everyday lives of those with it. Cognitive function is only a singular piece of the big picture involving the intricacies of ADHD and the differences the brain shows from those with a typically developed brain. Only time will tell where ADHD research will lead.

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