Shay's Rebellion + Constitution-Remote

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Stony Brook University *

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101

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Political Science

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Oct 30, 2023

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1. A major problem for the federal government under the Articles of Confederation was that it a. gave the President too much power. b. gave large population states too much power in Congress. c. lacked the power to collect taxes. d. allowed Congress to place burdensome regulations on businesses involved in interstate commerce.
Post-Revolutionary War Economic Crisis • The war devastated parts of the U.S. economy, and recovery was painfully slow when the war ended. • Farmers suffered from debt and low incomes . Some U.S. Agricultural Exports Export value compared to 1774 Wheat - 80% Corn - 59% Rice - 46% Flour - 24%
Daniel Shays, Veteran • A depressed economy made it hard for farmers like Daniel Shays to make a living after the Revolution. • The Massachusetts government made matters worse by aggressively taxing state residents. • The MA Gov’t wanted to pay off debts that it incurred during the Revolutionary War.
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Presentation of Grievances • Farmers formed a “Regulator Militia” when the MA Gov’t refused to enact reforms that would help them. • The Militia did not allow courts to meet and disrupted Gov’t operations.
The U.S. Gov’t failed to raise an Army • Wealthy MA merchants funded the creation of a private army to put down the Rebellion. • Led by General Benjamin Lincoln, this force chased the Rebels across the state for months. General Benjamin Lincoln
Shays’ Rebellion : Major Points of Conflict
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The Rebellion Falters • The Rebels weakened over time and the Rebellion faded as people died in armed battles. • The MA Gov’t also offered pardons to rebels who stopped fighting and admitted to wrong-doing.
Consequences I • 4,000 rebels signed confessions and received pardons. • 2 Rebels were condemned to death for treason and hanged. • Everyone else went free, including Daniel Shays .
Consider! • Shays’ Rebellion is similar to Bacon’s Rebellion of 1675-76 and the Paxton Boys Uprising of 1763 .
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Provisional Conclusions • All 3 rebellions showcased how common people believed that government was neglecting their needs and preventing their acquisition of opportunities and wealth.
Washington’s Reaction to Shays’ Rebellion • “I do not believe we can exist long as a nation without having lodged somewhere a power which will pervade the whole Union in an energetic a manner.” • What does pervade mean? • Pervade : to spread throughout; to permeate
People acted on GW’s beliefs witness the Growth of American Nationalism March 1785 Mount Vernon Conference Delegates from Maryland and Virginia discuss interstate issues about navigating the Potomac River. September 1786 Annapolis Convention Delegates from 5 states discuss ways to control interstate commerce & to give the national gov’t more power.
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Constitutional Convention, May 1787 As Shays’ Rebellion wound down, delegates met in Philadelphia to strengthen the U.S. Government.
Battle Lines Were Drawn: • Those who now wanted a much stronger federal government were called Federalists. • Those who still favored a weaker federal government were called Anti-Federalists.
Differences between these factions Wealth Education Level of Organization Political Focus Federalists More Wealthy More educated More Organized/ Proactive Order Anti- Federalis ts Less Wealthy Less educated Less Organized/ Reactive Liberty
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Key Federalists! • Benjamin Franklin : His international fame and prestige made the Federalist cause seem righteous. • George Washington : His reputation as a virtuous war hero reinforced the Federalist cause. • Alexander Hamilton : His writing and debating skills helped win people over to the Federalist cause. • James Madison : His erudition allowed him to write the basic outlines of the Constitution. – Madison is “the father of the Constitution”!
An Aside: Was Thomas Jefferson a Federalist or Anti-Federalist? Yes… • Jefferson was serving as U.S. ambassador to France and was not present in Philadelphia for the Constitutional Convention. HE DID NOT WRITE THE CONSTITUTION!!! • When he read the final product, Jefferson became a Federalist with reservations. • He supported the new form of government, but believed anti-Federalists were correct to insist on a Bill of Rights.
HW reference • HOW MUCH POWER SHOULD THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT POSSESS? • The Federalist Papers convinced people to approve the Constitution. – See Madison, Hamilton, John Jay
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Main point of Contention: How to protect individuals from government power? • The 2 groups argued about the need for a Bill of Rights that would – Restrain government power & – Protect individual liberty
James Madison, Federalist Paper Number 51, 1788 • If men were angels, no government would be necessary. If angels governed men, no controls on government would be necessary. In making a government which is run by men over men, the great difficulty lies in this: you must first allow the government to control the governed; next, you must force the government to limit its own power. Only then is justice possible.
• Anti-Federalists believed that only a Bill of Rights (a list of guaranteed freedoms) could guarantee personal liberty. • Federalists believed that a Bill of Rights was unnecessary and a dangerous because it suggested that people only had a limited number of rights.
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THE Major Anti- federalist fear • CONSOLIDATION of federal authority that would usurp the power of the states and violate individual liberties. • When Anti-Federalists read the newly drafted Constitution, they believed Article 1, Section 8 and Article 6 were avenues to oppression. – Article 1, Section 8 : The Elastic Clause – Article 6 : The Supremacy Clause
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How did Federalists address these Concerns? • They dispersed power into many institutions and among many people. • The American system eventually enacted concepts like federalism , separation of powers , and checks & balances to account for fears of consolidation and tyranny . • Separation of powers & checks and balances are different concepts!
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How did the Constitution limit Gov’t power? • Federalism: build levels of American gov’t: Federal, State, and Local • Separation of Powers – Legislative Branch : makes the laws – Executive Branch : enforces the laws – Judicial Branch : interprets the laws • Checks and Balances – President can veto laws passed by Congress – Congress can override a presidential veto – Supreme Court can declare laws unconstitutional
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Federalism Follow-up • Federalism : the division of powers between the national government and state governments – Delegated Powers : things only the national (federal) government can do – Reserved Powers : things only state governments can do – Concurrent Powers : things both the federal and state governments can do
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Delegated Powers
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Reserved Powers
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Concurrent Powers
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Major Issue : Representation in Congress
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Most Populous States (1780) 1. Virginia = 538,000 2. Penn. = 327,300 3. N.C. = 270,100 4. Mass. = 268,600 5. Maryland = 245,500 6. New York = 210,500
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Least Populous States (1780) 1. Delaware = 45,400 2. Rhode Island = 52,900 3. Georgia = 56,100 4. New Hampshire = 87,800 5. New Jersey = 139,600
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Consider! • Large states like Virginia favored proportional representation, but small states like Jersey favored equal representation in the Congress?
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The Great Compromise 1. Virginia Plan : population determines representation (large populatio more representatives in Congress). n n 2. New Jersey Plan : each state has equal representation (population is irrelevant). 3. Great Compromise : ( bicameral legislature ) a. House of Representatives : population determines representation b. Senate : each state has equal representation (2)
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Article 1 : The Legislative Branch • House of Representatives – 2-year terms – 25 years old, citizen for 7 years – Resident of the state that you serve • Senate – 6-year terms – 30 years old, citizen for 9 years – Resident of the state that you serve
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Largest Slave Populations (1770) 1. Virginia = 187,600 2. South Carolina = 75,178 3. North Carolina = 69,600 4. Maryland = 63,818 5. New York = 19,062
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3/5 Compromise • Counting slaves (North v. South) – Southern states wanted to count ALL the slaves in their populations to boost their representation in the House of Representatives. – Northern states wanted to count NONE of the slaves the South’s population because they were not truly represented. • Three-Fifths Compromise: [Slaves counted at a 60% rate] – 5 slaves were counted as 3 white people for the purposes of determining representation in the House of Representatives. – This idea DOES NOT count as “progress” because 3/5 > 0!!
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REMEMBER! • Framers designed the 3/5 Compromise to resolve debates about representation in Congress. • It was not focused on the morality of slavery or the humanity of African-Americans .
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The International Slave Trade Compromise • Slaveholders’ Concern : – Congress had the power to regulate foreign commerce, so it could end slave trade with Africa and other nations • The Compromise : – Congress could not end the international slave trade until 1808 (when it did) . – The domestic slave trade (inside the U.S.) was not affected.
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The Elastic Clause (Article 1, Section 8) • Implied Powers – Congress has the ability to make all laws “necessary and proper” for the carrying out of its powers – This permits Congress to “stretch” its powers – It allows for an expansion of federal powers and troubled many Anti-Federalists. – SEE LOOSE CONSTRUCTION V. STRICT CONSTRUCTION DEBATE AMONG THE FIRST POLITICAL PARTIES.
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The Elastic Clause in Action
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Parting Question • Should the Constitution as ratified in 1789 be remembered as a drastic improvement over the Articles of Confederation OR a fundamentally flawed document ?
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