Copy of Adams presidency-2019

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Stony Brook University *

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101

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Political Science

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Oct 30, 2023

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Question! • What can you infer about U.S. politics from the provided Republican campaign poster?
REPUBLICANS Turn out, turn out and save your Country from ruin! From an Emperor - from a King - from the iron grasp of a British Tory Faction – the hireling tools of his majesty King George III DOWN WITH THE TORIES, DOWN WITH THE BRITISH FACTION, Before they have it in their power to enslave you, and reduce your families to distress by heavy taxation. Republicans want no Tribute-liars- they want in their places such men as Jefferson & Clinton, who fought their Country’s Battles in the year 1776.
How did partisanship shape the presidency of John Adams, 1797-1801? Quasi War with France & the Suppression of Civil Liberties
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Election of 1796 : Divided America Adams won a narrow victory . As the runner-up, Jefferson became the vice president. This was an uncomfortable turn of events for the leaders of 2 rival political parties.
Troubles on the Ocean with France • Offended by Jay’s Treaty with Britain , France began attacking American shipments to Great Britain, its allies, and colonies. • France searched American ships and seized their cargoes, BUT did NOT engage in impressment of U.S. sailors. • Trade became less profitable. • Americans felt weak and humiliated.
Adams attempted to end this “Quasi War” through diplomacy John Marshall Elbridge Gerry Charles Pinckney • In 1797, Adams sent a 3-person peace delegation to France to negotiate an end to hostilities between the nations. • These prominent Americans (2 Federalists & a Republican) attempted to meet with the French Foreign Minister, Charles Maurice de Talleyrand. It went badly.
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Charles Maurice de Talleyrand: The Man to See
The “XYZ Affair” Jean-Conrad Hottinger, Mr. X Pierre Bellamy, Mr. Y Lucien Hauteval, Mr. Z French Representatives (Mr.’s X,Y,& Z) made corrupt demands of the Americans. In order to even meet with Talleyrand, they had to: 1) Pay a bribe to Talleyrand of $250,000 ($5.2 million today) 2) Loan France $12 million ($250 million today) 3) Apologize for the pro-British Jay’s Treaty (a humiliation)
The XYZ Affair Causes Partisan Division • Hatred of all things French became fashionable. • Adams and the Federalist-majority in Congress, raised an army to prepare for war with France. • Adams approved a build-up of the U.S. Navy and authorized shooting French ships on sight. • Jefferson’s Republicans sought to avoid war and sharply criticized Federalist decisions to raise an army and build- up the Navy. • Adams and the Federalists in Congress moved to silence that dissent.
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The Federalist Response! • See the Alien and Sedition Acts • The Alien Act allowed the President to deport non-citizens considered “dangerous to the peace and safety of the U.S.” • The Sedition Act outlawed any publication deemed “false, scandalous or malicious.
Question! • Why did many people consider the Alien and Sedition Acts fundamentally un-American?
Follow-up! • Why did t he Naturalization Act (passed at the same time) require people to reside in the U.S. for 14 years (rather than 5 years) in order to become citizens?
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Republicans were arrested and jailed
Jefferson Responds • “A little patience, and we shall see the reign of witches pass over, their spells dissolve, and the people, recovering their true sight, restore their government to its true principles .” • However, he sought to define those principles in terms of his party’s ideology. Emphases : Individual liberty & States’ rights!
Republican Response! • See the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions • Madison (VA) and Jefferson (KY) wrote these resolutions anonymously to avoid retribution.
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TJ : Kentucky Resolution JM :Virginia Resolution
The Virginia Resolution The Kentucky Resolution Claimed a state’s right to nullify the Alien and Sedition acts because they violated the Bill of Rights. (A narrow claim) Claimed a state’s right to nullify any federal law it found unconstitutional. (A broad claim)
Follow-up! • Why was Hamilton a STRONG opponent of nullification? • He believed it would destroy national unity and restore American government to the “imbecilic” form that it had taken under the Articles of Confederation.
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Results of the partisan conflict • Factional division became deeper than ever. • Adams and the Federalists lost popularity due to the severity of the Alien & Sedition Acts. • THE VIRGINIA AND KENTUCKY RESOLUTIONS NEVER BECAME LAW , but the issue of a state’s power to nullify laws remained unresolved. • When Jefferson won the election of 1800, Republicans repealed the Alien and Sedition Acts.
Back to Community Formation & American identity! • Jefferson (& Republicans) redefined nationality. • He believed the term “nation” represented more than a group of people occupying a common space. • Jefferson thought a “nation” had to have an ideological perimeter fence —people had to share core beliefs and be “brethren of the same principle.” He meant values like – Presumption of individual equality (with exceptions) – Rejection of monarchical, overly centralized gov’t power
The Implications for Federalists • Jefferson believed Federalists had become un- American by embracing values and pursuing goals that seemed more British than American. – Washington’s Proclamation of Neutrality expanded executive power – Hamilton’s Bank of the United States was aristocratic and elitist – Jay’s Treaty favored monarchical Britain over republican France – The Alien & Sedition Acts expanded centralized power at the expense of individual liberty
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Quasi-War’s Resolution : Treaty of Mortefontaine, 1800
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Terms of the Treaty: Peace! • The French-American alliance agreed upon during the American Revolution was officially ended. • The French and American navies stopped shooting at each other. • France recognized American neutral rights to trade non-military goods with anyone. • Profitable trade was restored. • Adams saw this treaty as his greatest achievement.
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But he still lost to TJ in 1800 The First Peaceful Transfer of Power from one party to another! Good news for the republic!
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Summary Question : What Lesson Did Adams Learn as President • Consider the following quotation. • And consider his experience with the Alien and Sedition Acts.
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• “Power always thinks it has a great soul and vast views, beyond the comprehension of the weak; and that it is doing God’s service when it is violating all his laws.”— John Adams, 1816
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