Notes_Week_13_002612680

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Georgia State University *

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2001

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Philosophy

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Feb 20, 2024

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Notes: Chapter 13 – Critical Thinking and Morality If we are to be intellectually mature, we also must try to integrate the results of these moral analyses and deliberations into a comprehensive picture of reality, what is known as a __worldview____, … [which is] a philosophy of life, a set of beliefs and theories that helps us make sense of a wide range of issues in life. It defines for us what exists, what should be, and what we can know. We all have a worldview, and our notions about morality are an important part of it. A good critical thinker tries to ensure that his or her worldview contains no internal __contradictions______ and that it offers reliable guidance in dealing with the world. Moral Arguments Moral arguments, however, differ from nonmoral ones in that their conclusions are __moral__ statements, … [which are] statements asserting that an action is right or wrong (moral or immoral) or that something (such as a person or motive) is good or bad. The standard moral argument is a mixture of moral and nonmoral statements. At least __one____ premise is a moral statement that asserts a general moral principle or moral standard. At least ____one___ premise makes a nonmoral claim. And the conclusion is a __moral________ statement, or judgment, about a particular case (usually a particular kind of action). Write your own example of a moral argument. Don’t use the examples provided in the textbook. _____Convicting innocent or not proven guilty people is a case of justice malpractice, justice malpractice is wrong, so It is wrong to convict an innocent person,___________ Moral Premises As noted in previous chapters, accurately assessing the truth of nonmoral premises depends mostly on your knowledge of the subject matter, including the results of relevant scientific research, the analyses of reliable experts, and the content of your background information. Gauging the truth of moral premises (moral principles) mostly involves examining the support they get from three sources: (1) ___other moral principles _______, (2) ___moral theories_____, and (3) ____considered moral judgements___. In your own words, explain the meaning of the three things you listed above. 1. _____this is when you can judge a moral premise based on whether ot not it agrees with other known moral principles___________ 2. __this is a generalized reasoning for what makes an action morally wrong or morally right __________ 3. ____considered moral judgements just refers to considering all moral judgements that are relevant____________ Moral Theories As we have seen, theories of morality are attempts to explain what makes an action __right________ or what makes a person or motive ___good_________. They try to specify what all right actions and all good things have in common. As such, they can give __support___________, _____evidence__________, or _____guidence___________ to our moral decision making, shaping our moral principles, judgments, and arguments. Interestingly enough, we all have a ______moral theory_____________. Whether we articulate it or not, we all have some kind of view of what makes actions right or persons good. Even the notion that there is no such thing as right or wrong is a moral theory. Even the idea that all moral theories are worthless or that all moral judgments are subjective, objective, relative, or meaningless is a moral theory. The critical question, then, is not whether you have a moral theory but whether the theory you have is ____a good one_____________.

Evaluating Moral Theories All moral theories are not created ___equal___________. Some theories are ____better___________ than others. In your own words, explain the following criteria of adequacy for moral theories : Consistency with considered moral judgments: ___This is evaluating whether or not the moral theory is consistent with those that are well established in a society_____________________ Consistency with our experience of the moral life: _______This is seeing whether or not the theory fits well into the moral lifestyle that is generally seen by the public______________________________ Workability in real-life situations _____This is a test of whether or not the theory is able to work and work successfully in real-life situations_________________________________ Two Important Theories In your own words, explain how utilitarianism decides whether an action is morally right or wrong. Then say how it fairs on each of the three criterion of adequacy. _____Utillitarianism decides whether or not an action is morally right or morally wrong by the amount of happiness it brings to everyone that is considered and concerned within the given situation. For consistency with considered moral judgements I would say that utilitarianism works out very well as many people would consider making everyone happy morally right. Same goes for consistency with experience in the moral life, people who are morally right oftentimes aim to make themselves as well as others happy (although this kinda falls through if doing something like murder makes someone happy because that is a morally wrong action. AS for real life situations I feel as though this one kinda falls through as it is immensely difficult to make every single person in a situation completely happy. __________________________ In your own words, explain how Kantian Ethics decides whether an action is morally right or wrong. Then say how it fairs on each of the three criterion of adequacy. _____Kantian Ethics states that rightness actually does not depend on the production of happiness or on the satisfaction of human desires but by the form of the nature of the action itself. I think the only criterion of adequacy that this disputes is considered moral judgements as many people would say that doing something because it is by nature doing a good thing but might make someone upset is wrong. However in real-life situations sometimes you have to do the bigger thing by telling the truth because it is morally right. Similarly in moral life it is consistent that you do things because the intent and action is morally good. __________________

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Notes_Week_13_002612680

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