C888 Task 1

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Cells and Viruses C888-PRFA-KPP1 KELSEY CONKLIN

A. Describe which type of microscope would be the most appropriate to visualize each of the following Specimens: - Prokaryotic Cells- Light Microscope - Eukaryotic Cells- Phase Contrast Microscope - Viruses- Electron Microscope 1. Explain why you selected the microscopes for each specimen in part A - Prokaryotic cells would do best with a light microscope because they are used to study live or stained cells. Prokaryotic cells are live cells that can be stained. Being stained makes it easier for scientist to see the cells in contrast to the light. Also, while using a light microscope the cells don’t need to die or be prepared for viewing. - Eukaryotic Cells Are best viewed with a phase contrasting microscope because the eukaryotic cells refract light. When using the correct magnification eukaryotic cells can be seen using a light microscope. A phase contrasting microscope can help see the difference in the structures with the light refractions. - Viruses can be seen using the electron microscope. Because viruses are so small, they cannot be seen using a light microscope. They also passed through filters that removed bacteria. With the development of the electron microscope scientist were finally able to see viruses for the first time. [ CITATION Eld19 \l 1033 ]. B. Describe the Structural Similarities and differences you would expect to see if you were to view the specimens listed in Part A under a microscope. -Similarities: Prokaryotic, eukaryotic and viruses all have some type of genetic material whether its DNA, RNA and with Viruses it can be either. Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic have cell membranes however viruses have a capsid that functions like a membrane. Ribosomes are both seen in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, which are responsible for protein synthesis. -Differences Eukaryotic cells have membrane bound cells while prokaryotic do not. Viruses need a host cell to reproduce however prokaryotic and eukaryotic can reproduce cells on their own. In a prokaryotic cell the nuclear area is not enclosed by a membrane. While the nucleus in eukaryotic cells have a membrane enclosed around it. Many prokaryotic cells have flagella which act like propellors for movement. 1. Create an original visual aid or series of visual aids that compare the structures of the specimens in part A. Label the following components, when appropriate, for each specimen. -Location of Nucleic Acids -Site of Protein Synthesis -At least two Organelles

C. Describe the functions of any four organelle, Including the nucleus. The function of the nucleus is the brain of the cell. It is the central processing organelle for the cell. The nucleus is also what holds the genetic material to replicate itself. The Mitochondria is known as the powerhouse of the cell. This is were the organelles get their energy to power the cell as well as its reactions. The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) can either be smooth or rough. The Rough ER is in charge of protein production, folding, quality control and dispatch of some proteins. The Smooth ER is having more to do with the Lipid (fat), metabolism, steroid and hormone production. [CITATION BSB \l 1033 ] The Golgi Apparatus is the distribution and shipping department of the cell. Its mostly used for the chemical products. It modifies proteins and lipids that are built in the ER and prepares them to be transferred outside the cell. D. Explain how Vaccines work to prevent Disease Vaccines work to prevent disease but injecting dead virus cells into our bodies so that our bodies can recognize the threat and make antibodies to fight it. If your body, then encounters that same virus your body already knows how to fight it thus getting rid of the virus faster. Vaccines then prevent diseases returning due to herd immunity which is where majority of the community is vaccinated against the disease which makes it harder for a disease to return because the community is immune because our bodies fight off any known disease that we have already encountered. E. Describe how to use restriction enzymes and agarose gel electrophoresis to investigate whether a bacterial cell has been infected by a virus. Scientist you restriction enzymes to break off sections within a DNA strand. They are very specific in the sequence of nucleotides. Some of the phosphates in the nucleotide gives of a negative charge. This is important because gel electrophoresis separates molecules based on size and the smaller the molecule the faster it will get to the positive side faster while the larger molecules stay towards the negative or well side. By looking at the samples after gel electrophoresis scientists can compare the DNA fragments with known virus DNA and see what ones match up with the genetic material.

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Therefore, allowing scientists to see what cells are infected by a virus and which ones are normal healthy bacteria cells. 1. Identify the infected and uninfected bacterial cells in the attached “Agarose Gel Diagram” and explain your answer. In lane 1 the diagram shows the primary standards or a control of the bacteria cells. This shows portions of each length and the various ways and assurance that the results by giving a control to the preliminary. Lane 2 shows that the bacteria cell is uninfected with a virus because sections are majority the same size meaning the restricted enzyme was able to fragment the DNA at the correct sequence. However, lane 3 shows there is some type of infection from a virus because the restriction enzyme was not able to separate equal parts. Majority of the molecules in lane three are equal to or bigger than lane 2 suggesting that the Cell in Lane 3 is the infected cell. F. Explain why Antibiotics can be used to treat bacterial infections but cannot be used to treat viral infections. Antibiotics can only be used to treat bacterial infections because antibiotics target the bacteria’s protein sythensis. A virus cell can not synthesize protein so there is nothing for the antibiotic to attach to. Viruses are also surrounded by a protective protein cover, this means that they don’t have a cell wall for the antibiotics to attack. Antibiotics won’t work on a viral infection because viruses attack the cells from the inside out. They move in and live inside the host cells because they cannot reproduce on their own. Therefore, antibiotics will only work on Bacterial infections and not viral infections.[ CITATION Que21 \l 1033 ] G. Acknowledge Sources, Using In-cite citations and references, for content that is quoted, paraphrased or summarized. References BSBC. (2019, 11 15). Endoplasmic reticulum (rough & Smooth) . Retrieved from BSCB: bscb.org Developmetn, A. A. (2006). Roles & Responsiblities of the Special Education Teacher. Retrieved from American Academy of Special Education Professionals: https://www.naset.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Pro_Development/Roles_Responsibilities_SPED_Teacher. pdf Eldra P. Solomon, C. E. (2019). Biology. Queensland Goverment. (2021, March 08). Why antibiotics can’t be used to treat viruses, colds or the flu . Retrieved from Vacinations Matter: https://vaccinate.initiatives.qld.gov.au/why-antibiotics-cant-be-used- to-treat-viruses-colds-or-the-flu/#:~:text=Viruses%20are%20surrounded%20by%20a,don't%20work %20on%20viruses.

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