BIOL-Written Assignment Unit 1

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Northern Virginia Community College *

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Biology

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Jan 9, 2024

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BIOL 1122 - Written Assignment Unit 3 Introduction Every living organism must engage in reproduction as one of the most important and fundamental activities in order to keep itself and its species alive. If a single organism does not reproduce, its population and, eventually, its species, will dwindle. 2020 (Harrisonville Schools). Comparing the Sexual and Asexual Reproduction Two parents, one female and one male, are required for sexual reproduction. Gametes are reproductive cells produced by meiosis, and each parent contributes a gamete, a sex cell with half of the normal DNA of a regular functioning body cell. Male gametes are referred to as "sperm," while female gametes are referred to as "eggs." Bailey, R. (Bailey, R., 2020) (Khan Academy, 2020). Two haploid gametes become one diploid zygote when sperm and egg combine during fertilization. The zygote then divides through mitosis until it forms a fully functional individual. The offspring is a unique individual who differs from both parents, promoting genetic diversity in the species. (2020, Khan Academy) Mutations can also occur during a species' sexual reproduction, adding to the genetic diversity of the offspring. H. Scoville, H. Scoville, H. Scoville, H. Scoville, H. Scoville, H. Asexual reproduction, on the other hand, requires only one parent; there is no mating or genetic mixing, and the offspring are clones of the single parent, with identical DNA. H. Scoville, H. Scoville, H. Scoville, H. Scoville, H. Scoville, H. Mitosis is the process by which asexual reproduction produces organisms. Budding, gemmules, fragmentation, regeneration, binary fission, and parthenogenesis are all common types of asexual reproduction. R. Bailey, Evolutionary Advantages for an Organism to Reproduce Both Asexually and Sexually 1. Asexually reproducing organisms have a one-to-one reproductive ratio, meaning that a single organism can replace itself. When compared to the sexual reproductive model, in which two individuals must each provide half of the genome for a single offspring, asexual reproduction appears to have two times the reproductive capacity of sexual reproduction. M. Velasquez-Manoff, M. Velasquez-Manoff, M. Velasquez-Manoff, M. Velasque Despite this, sexual reproduction is used by 99 percent of multicellular eukaryotes. 2. Asexual reproduction can be beneficial to some higher animals and protists, particularly those that are unable to move around and must stay in one place, making it difficult to find the opposite sex for mating. 3. Unlike sexual reproduction, this type of reproduction does not "cost" the parent a lot of energy or time. Scientists discovered that stable environments with few changes are the most likely places for asexual reproduction to occur. R. Bailey.

4. Sexual reproduction aids in the development of genotypes that are better suited to surviving in a variety of environments, whereas asexual reproduction produces (or multiplies) the specific type that is best suited to surviving in a single, stably conditioned environment. 2010 (University of Toronto). 5. Again, an organism's ability to reproduce both sexually and asexually is a significant advantage that allows them to benefit from the best of both systems, depending on their environment (Decaestecker, E. and Bultell, L.,2019). Some researchers have discovered that organisms that use both systems use sexual reproduction to "generate" fit genotypes and asexual reproduction to "amplify" them in the environment. (R. Barbuti, S. Mautner, and C. Carnevale) 6. Also, one very interesting point, pointed out by Klarreich is that the fittest genotypes do not survive down the generations when sexual reproduction takes place. In other words, if nature finds or selects an exceptionally fit individual, there is no way to preserve that individual’s makeup intact in the next generation with sexual reproduction (Klarreich, E., 2010), only with asexual reproduction. Animals that use both systems can profit in this special situation too. 7. Finally, species that use both sexual and asexual reproduction often live and can even coexist with both lineages, either alternating during their life cycle or/and using different systems in populations isolated spatially or temporarily. (Barbuti, R., Mautner, S., Carnevale, G. et al., 2012). Describes a single organism's reproductive cycle, which includes both sexual and asexual reproduction. The fungus Podosphaera plantaginis is a parasite that reproduces both sexually and asexually. Plantago lanceolata, also known as ribwort plantain, is the most common host. (E. Decaestecker and L. Bultell, 2019) A curious fact: the tea made from plantain leaves can be used as a cough medicine, and traditional Austrian medicine uses it to treat respiratory problems, skin problems, insect bites, and taints. Songbirds consume the seeds, and rabbits consume the leaves. 2020 (Wikipedia) To better understand how the fungus Podosphaera plantaginis adapts to both forms of reproduction. How this Organism Adapts by Using Both Forms of Reproduction The Red Queen Hypothesis, an intriguing evolutionary theory, could provide an explanation. The host (plant) and parasite species evolve in tandem to outperform one another. In other words, the parasite evolves to increase its ability to infect its host, while the host evolves to resist it. According to the Red Queen hypothesis, a host with a co-evolving parasite is more likely to reproduce sexually in order to increase the genetic diversity of its offspring and thus have a better chance of evolving its infection (parasite) and resistance (resistance) abilities. (Decaestecker, E. and Bultell, L., 2019) References Bailey, R. (2019). Common Types of Asexual Reproduction. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/asexual-reproduction-373441

Bailey, R. (2020). Gametes. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/gametes-373465 Barbuti, R., Mautner, S., Carnevale, G. et al. (2012). Population dynamics with a mixed type of sexual and asexual reproduction in a fluctuating environment. BMC Evol Biol 12, 49 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-12-49 Retrieved from https://bmcevolbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2148- 12-49#citeas Decaestecker, E., and Bultell, L. (2019). Reproduction: Parasites opt for the best of both worlds. Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Kulak, Belgium. Retrieved from: https://elifesciences.org/articles/49615 Harrisonville Schools (2020). Reproduction and Adaptation, Chapter 2 – Textbook. Retrieved from: https://www.harrisonvilleschools.org/cms/lib/MO01909919/Centricity/Do main/215/Chapter%202%20Textbook.pdf Khan Academy (2020). Types of reproduction review. Retrieved from: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs- reproduction-and-cell-division/hs-types- of-reproduction/a/hs-types-of- reproduction-review Klarreich, E. (2010). Why Sex? Computer science proposes a new solution to one of the evolutionary theory's oldest problems. Simons Foundation. Retrieved from: https://www.simonsfoundation.org/2010/05/18/why-sex/ Scoville, H. (2020). Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/asexual-vs-sexual-reproduction-1224594

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