BILO-Discussion Forum Unit 7

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Write a sentence for each of these mechanisms describing the manner in which the DNA can be transferred from one cell to another. Horizontal DNA transfer can take place in three ways: conjugation, transformation, and transduction. Conjugation is the process of directly transferring DNA from one cell to another via a cell-cell interaction, resulting in the release of plasmid in the neighboring cell. The DNA released from lysed dead bacteria enters the environment and transforms into another. Finally, transduction is the process by which a virus (also known as a becteriophage) is transferred and released from a virally infected cell to another, i.e., a new host (Virtual Genetics Education Centre, University of Leicester). Choose a disease or an organism that has a well-documented mechanism of resistance (such as methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus - MRSA or tuberculosis) and see if you can identify the gene or genes that confer resistance and the method of DNA transfer thought to contribute to its spread. This may be from one organism to another or may simply be passed down from mother to daughter cell due to environmental pressure. Klebsiella spp. is one of the most prevalent bacteria in ICUs, causing Klebsiella pneumoniae; yet, it is a major cause of multidrug-resistant illness (Sanchez et al, 2013). Carbapenems (an antibiotic used to treat severe or high-risk bacterial infections) and colistin (a last-line antibiotic) resistance was discovered in K pneumoniae strains (Sanchez et al, 2013; Kidd et al, 2017) "Mutational inactivation of the mgrB gene" resulted in colistin-resistant K. pneumonia being discovered (Kidd et al, 2017). Finally, discuss the danger that antibiotic resistance poses in today’s society, consider how man has contributed to this and suggest any strategies that you think may be able to halt it or prevent its expansion. Antibiotic resistance is often caused by inappropriate antibiotic usage by doctors, hospitals, patients, and even industry. In previous years, doctors and hospitals frequently administered antibiotics to patients for bacterial and viral diseases, despite the fact that incorrect antibiotic use could lead to antibiotic resistance. Doctors nowadays prefer to use lab tests (such as PCR and culture tests) to differentiate between bacterial and viral infections, as well as to validate which drugs are effective against bacteria isolated from culture swabs. Antibiotic resistance can develop when patients do not follow the directions for prescribed antibiotics (e.g., stopping taking them on their own halfway through the drug term and missing or doubling doses). Antibiotic resistant microorganisms can be avoided if patients maintain self-discipline. Finally, antibiotic misuse or overuse in the agriculture business to develop plants and animals might result in resistant bacteria, which can subsequently transfer to humans by ingestion. Antibiotic usage in the industry can be stifled by laws and regulations (Virtual Genetics Education Centre, University of Leicester).

Reference:  Virtual Genetics Education Centre, University of Leicester About Us . About us | Virtual Genetics Education Centre | University of Leicester. (n.d.). Retrieved December 28, 2021, from https://le.ac.uk/vgec/about-us  Kidd TJ;Mills G;Sá-Pessoa J;Dumigan A;Frank CG;Insua JL;Ingram R;Hobley L;Bengoechea JA; (n.d.). A Klebsiella pneumoniae antibiotic resistance mechanism that subdues host defences and promotes virulence . EMBO molecular medicine. Retrieved December 28, 2021, from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28202493/  Sanchez, G. V., Master, R. N., Clark, R. B., Fyyaz, M., Duvvuri, P., Ekta, G., & Bordon, J. (2013, January). Klebsiella pneumoniae antimicrobial drug resistance, United States, 1998-2010 . Emerging infectious diseases. Retrieved December 28, 2021, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3557979/

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