Biology 172 Final Exam Flashcards _ Quizlet

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12/18/23, 10:41 AM Biology 172 Final Exam Flashcards | Quizlet https://quizlet.com/497060740/biology-172-final-exam-flash-cards/ 1/12 Try the fastest way to create flashcards Biology 172 Final Exam 13 studiers recently Leave the first rating Students also viewed Terms in this set (95) Others also viewed these textbooks Search for a textbook or question Fundamentals of Biochemistry 5th Edition • ISBN: 9781118918432 Charlotte W. Pratt, Donald Voet, Judith G. Voet 980 solutions bio final cumulative 95 terms Collin_Gage5 Preview Biology 172 Final 165 terms kelsiegerman7 Preview BIO 173 Exam 1 study questions 55 terms elliemikiska Preview Biology 172 128 terms kelsiege Which of the following is the definition of evolution? (A) A change in the genetic composition of a population. Which of the following is the definition of population? (B) A group of potentially interbreeding individuals capable of producing fertile and viable offspring. If you were measuring the number of fertile and viable offspring produced by an individual over their lifetime, what would you be measuring? (E) None of the above. Options: (A) Phenotypic variation. (B) Adaptation. (C) Selection. (D) Survivorship. (E) None of the above.

12/18/23, 10:41 AM Biology 172 Final Exam Flashcards | Quizlet https://quizlet.com/497060740/biology-172-final-exam-flash-cards/ 2/12 In evolutionary biology, when we discuss the environment as the factor which drives evolution by natural selection, we must recognize the environment includes both physical and biological factors. (A) True. A selection agent is an environmental variable which causes differential fitness within a population. (A) True. Of the individuals below, who was responsible for first developing the idea of Gradualism (which was later slightly modified and known as Uniformitarianism)? (C) Hutton Of the individuals below, who was responsible for developing the taxonomic system and the concept of binomial nomenclature used today? (A) Linnaeus Which of the following individuals was responsible for developing the concept of the "Struggle for Existance"? (E) Malthus Your Grandmother called and asked, "dear, if a giraffe spent much of its pre-adult life stretching its neck while reaching fro higher leaves and its neck elongated 20" over this time period, would its offspring possess longer necks as a result?". Given your modern knowledge of natural selection and evolution, how would you reply? (D) The change in a character, or the acquisition of a new character, within an individuals lifetime and due to the individuals environment, cannot be inherited by offspring. Science makes progress (demonstrates new cause and effect relationships) by rejecting null hypotheses. (A) True Which of the following is not one of the prerequisites in Darwin's natural selection mechanism? (C) The heritability of the trait includes the interaction of dominant and recessive alleles. Lamarck should be given credit, because like Darwin, he recognized... (C) An organisms interaction with the changing environment drives evolution. All of the following were strong influences on Darwin except... (D) Linnaeus What are the two sources of variation that contribute to the variation one can observe among the members of a population? (B) Genetic and environmental variation.

12/18/23, 10:41 AM Biology 172 Final Exam Flashcards | Quizlet https://quizlet.com/497060740/biology-172-final-exam-flash-cards/ 3/12 If one is going to attempt to investigate whether a population has evolved by natural selection, which of the following would be required? (E) All of the above. Options: (A) Demonstrate at least one character has changed. (B) Demonstrate the heritability of the character. (C) Demonstrate variation in the character causes variation in fitness (differential fitness). (D) Identify the selection agent. (E) All of the above. A feature may not be an adaptation because... (D) All of the above. Options: (A) Although it provides a benefit today, it did not arise by natural selection. (B) The environment, for which the feature evolved, no longer exists. (C) There is no genetic component to the character. (D) All of the above. (E) None of the above. Age-specific fecundity is the sum of all offspring produced by an adult through their lifetime. (B) False The best single quantitative measure of fitness is... (C) The population growth rate because it is a function of both age-specific survivorship and age-specific fecundity. Which of the following statements concerning Kettlewell's study of the peppered moth (Biston betularia) is incorrect? (A) The carbonaria form was becoming more abundant in rural environments. In Kettlewell's moths (Biston betularia), if the carbonaria form came about by a simple mutation, served no purpose and provided no fitness benefit, but later served as a great form of camouflage when urban wood lots were darkened with coal dust, then this would be an example of... (B) A spandrel. Which of the following statements concerning the Grants' study of finches on Daphne Island is incorrect? (D) The grants used blood samples to identify the gene responsible for the heritability of beak depth. Which of the following is the best definition of an adaptation? (C) Features that evolved by natural selection and enhance fitness in a specific environment. Which of the following is not one of the mechanisms for evolution accepted by evolutionary biologists? (A) Mutation. Options: (A) Mutation. (B) Sexual Selection. (C) Random Genetic Drift. (D) Natural Selection. (E) Gene Flow.

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12/18/23, 10:41 AM Biology 172 Final Exam Flashcards | Quizlet https://quizlet.com/497060740/biology-172-final-exam-flash-cards/ 4/12 The comparative method is a technique used to identify adaptations. It is accomplished by (pick the best fit)... (A) Examining the presence/absence of a trait in organisms that exist in different environments. Which of the following pairs of figures illustrate the result one would expect for a character whose quality is controlled 50% by heredity and 50% by the environment? (D) Figures A & F. Evolution is the study of genetic change within a population. (A) True. Which of the following best describes symplesiomorphic characters? (C) They are ancestral characters which are possessed by the members of a taxon and unite these organisms with a common ancestor. Synapomorphic characters are best defined as... (B) Shared derived characters. A chemoheterotrophic organism is one which absorbs or ingests existing organic compounds from the environment and metabolizes the compounds as sources of energy. (A) True. No species of the domain Archaea exist today because there no longer exists the environments, like that of early earth, where the Archaea evolved. (B) False. What was the likely sequence of metabolic lifestyles during the evolution of the first life on earth (presented ancestral to derived)? (D) Anaerobic chemoheterotrophs, anaerobic chemoautotrophs, anaerobic photoautotrophs, aerobic photoautotrophs, aerobic chemoheterotrophs. K-selected species exploit a wide variety of environments, have little need for dispersal, produce large high quality offspring, and reduce their risk of reproductive failure (hedge their bets) by spreading the creation of kids through time. (A) True. Darwin envisioned speciation occurring by what we recognize today as parapatric speciation. However, rather than speciation being driven by natural selection, our current examples of parapatric speciation appear to have occurred by random genetic drift. (B) False. Linnaeus' morpho-species concept has been very useful and leads to little confusion when one is attempting to determine to which species their specimen belongs. (B) False. Which of the following statements is false when it is applied to allopatric speciation? (D) Reproductive isolation is post-mating.

12/18/23, 10:41 AM Biology 172 Final Exam Flashcards | Quizlet https://quizlet.com/497060740/biology-172-final-exam-flash-cards/ 5/12 The allopatric and peripatric models of speciation... (D) All of the above are true. Options: (A) Are similar in that both include geographic separation. (B) Differ in that small population size and thus, a high potential for evolution by random genetic drift is an important component of the peripatric model but not the allopatric model. (C) Are similar in that both require natural selection to favor different qualities among the separate groups. (D) All of the above are true. (E) None of the above are true. Which of the following is false? (A) The apple and cherry maggot speciation events are examples of parapatric speciation. Options: (A)The apple and cherry maggot speciation events are examples of parapatric speciation. (B) The kingfishers of New Guinea are believed to have evolved by peripatric speciation. (C) The example of three western warblers evolving from the eastern black throated green warbler is an example of allopatric speciation. (D) The evolution of several adjacently distributed pocket gopher species in Sonoran, Mexico is an example of parapatric speciation. (E) None of the above. Which of the following is a definition of a species as per the Biological Species Concept? (B) A group of potentially interbreeding individuals capable of producing fertile and viable offspring. Which of the following is an example of postmating reproductive isolation? (C) A mule. Fossil dates are estimated by extrapolation of dates from surrounding igneous rocks. Igneous rocks are dated using the ratio of parent-isotope:daughter- isotope abundances and the known half-lives of the parent isotope. (A) True. Which of the following is a definition of a species? (B) A group of potentially interbreeding individuals capable of producing fertile and viable offspring. Sexual selection is a mechanism for evolution, which differs from natural selection because the component of fitness which varies among members of the population is reproductive success and specifically access to mates. (A) True. Sexual selection can lead to postmating reproductive isolation. (B) False.

12/18/23, 10:41 AM Biology 172 Final Exam Flashcards | Quizlet https://quizlet.com/497060740/biology-172-final-exam-flash-cards/ 6/12 Random genetic drift can cause evolution in small populations because not all of the possible gamete genotypes may be involved in making the zygotes that will become the next generation. (A) True. R-selected species exploit recently disturbed environments by developing very quickly to maturity, then channeling energy into many small offspring which are widely dispersed. They reduce the risk of reproductive failure by spreading their offspring through time. (B) False. Which of the following is not one of the requirements for the evolution of defensive phenotypic plasticities? (E) None of the above. Options: (A) Possessing the feature comes at a cost. (B) Possessing the feature provides fitness benefit to the prey when the inducing predator is present. (C) There must be reliable cue or signal which indicates when individuals in the population should switch to the defensive morphology. (D) There is not a constant (daily, weekly, monthly) need to possess the defended feature. (E) None of the above. Which of the following is an example of secondary sexual characters which evolved by Maryjane West Ederhard's sensory exploitation hypothesis? (C) The small orange pelvic fins of the male brook stickleback. Fisher's condition indication hypothesis suggests that secondary sexual characters evolve to mimic something in the environment that females look for, like a certain food. (B) False. Cladistics is a phylogenetic technique which attempts to construct phylogenies (in this case, cladograms) based on shared ancestral characters and shared derived characters. (A) True. What is the estimated age of the first life on earth? (C) 3.8-3.5 bybp What is the estimated age of the first members of the domain Eukarya? 2.0-1.8 bybp Which of the following are properties possessed by the Eukarya and not by the species of Bacteria and Archaea? (D) All of the above. Options: (A) Membrane bound DNA. (B) Membrane bound organelles. (C) Meiosis and mitosis. (D) All of the above. (E) None of the above.

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12/18/23, 10:41 AM Biology 172 Final Exam Flashcards | Quizlet https://quizlet.com/497060740/biology-172-final-exam-flash-cards/ 7/12 Lynn Margulis suggested that Eukarya evolved and differentitated from bacteria by the infolding of the cell membrane to create inner cell membranes, and through symbiotic relationships among bacteria to provide organelles like chloroplasts and mitochondria. Our best evidence that this is true comes from the fact that chloroplasts and mitochondria, in many Eukarya, contain a circular strand of DNA like the genophore of bacteria. (A) True. Which of the following best describes highly derived animals? (A) Three tissue layers, bilateral symmetry, complete gut, organ systems, mobility. Animals are a kingdom of heterotrophic organisms that are included in the domain Archaea, and are believed to have evolved from a choanoflagellate- like protest. (B) False. Which of the following is the proper order for the evolution of the taxa below. (D) Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya, Animalia. Which of the following is not a character of the bacteria? (D) A cell nucleus Options: (A) Peptidoglycan cell walls. (B) Single circular chromosome called genophore. (C) No intercellular membranes. (D) A cell nucleus. (E) Small circular strands of DNA called plasmids. The animal evolution from the first metazoans to at least the ancestral members of all of the animal phyla occurred during which of the following periods. (B) 770 to 500 mybp. Deuterostomes are animals which undergo spiral cleavage, whose mesoderm formation occurs from cells surrounding the blastopore (location of invagination) and whose blastopore becomes the mouth of the animal (gut formation is from the mouth towards the anus). (B) False. Euglenozoa (euglenoids) are flagellated photo autotrophic cells which can be heterotrophic (ingest food like an amoeba) when conditions for photosynthesis are poor. (A) True. Gram positive bacteria possess a thin peptidoglycan cell coat which is covered by a lipid membrane, whereas gram negative bacteria possess a thick peptidoglycan cell coat with no outer membrane covering. (B) False.

12/18/23, 10:41 AM Biology 172 Final Exam Flashcards | Quizlet https://quizlet.com/497060740/biology-172-final-exam-flash-cards/ 8/12 Of the evolutionary events listed, for which choice a-e are the events in the proper order, oldest events to most recent events. (D) Bacteria, Eukarya, Sponges, Chordates, Plants, Flowering Plants, Birds. Muller's Ratchet is the idea that mutations accumulate is asexual species, increasing with every generation. One of the suggestions for the evolution of sexual reproduction is that meiosis allows the generation of offspring genotypes which have a reduced number of mutations (aka lower mutation load). (A) True. As highlighted in the Evolutionary Arms Race video from PBS NOVA, Brody and Brody Sr. studied the evolution of the predator-prey interaction between the orange rough skinned newts and their primary predator, the garter snake. The Brody's claimed the newts evolved a toxic defense to thwart garter snake predation, and the garter snakes showed no evolutionary response in return. As a result, garter snakes could not ingest the toxic newts once the newts had evolved their toxic defense. (B) False. Red Queen Hypothesis is the general idea that sexual reproduction evolved so that species could keep up with the evolutionary changes occurring among the species within their environments (their predators, their prey, their parasites, their disease pathogens). (A) True. Bacteria reproduce asexually, and thus do not have meiosis as a mechanism to enhance genetic variation within their populations. Instead, genetic variation in bacterial populations comes from: (E) All of the above. Options: (A) Mutation. (B) Conjugation. (C) Transformation. (D) Transduction. (E) All of the above. Which of the following taxonomic groups exists as a collection of two cell types, and is devoid of tissue layers or organs? (B) Porifera. The Anthozoa are a type of Ctenophore that only exists with the medusa body plan; there is no polyp stage in the anthozoan life cycle. (B) False. Which of the following is not one of the taxonomic groups within the phylum annelida? (A) Cephalopods (octapi and squids).

12/18/23, 10:41 AM Biology 172 Final Exam Flashcards | Quizlet https://quizlet.com/497060740/biology-172-final-exam-flash-cards/ 9/12 Which of the following represents the correct sequence of features which arose in the evolution of the animals? (B) A collection of two cell types, two tissue layers, three tissue layers, organs. The animal in pic #22 belongs to which of the following phyla? (E) None of the above. Options: (A) Ctenophora (B) Cnidaria (C) Mollusca (D) Annelida (E) None of the above. The animal in pic #23 belongs to which of the following phyla? (C) Mollusca The animal in pic #24 belongs to which of the following phyla? (D) Annelida The animal in pic #25 belongs to which of the following phyla? (B) Syndermata Ecology is defined as the study of the distribution and abundance of organisms. (A) True. The nematodes and the arthropods are included in the Ecdysozoa taxonomic group because animals in both phyla molt as they grow. (A) True. The Arthropods are the most taxonomically diverse group of animals. The insects are the most taxonomically diverse group of the arthropods. The beetles are the most taxonomically diverse group of insects. (A) All statements are true. Which of the following statements is true? (E) All of the above. Options: (A) All plants possess an "alternation of generation" lifecycle which includes a diploid sporophyte and a haploid gametophyte. (B) Fungi have a lifecycle which includes a dikaryotic stage where cells from two separate individual's hyphae have fused but the nuclei have not. (C) The Basidiomycetes are a taxonomic group of fungi which include the toad stools and shelf fungi. (D) My TA Lily Cryster is an amazing creature whom makes her careful and thorough notes available to students in my class. (E) All of the above. Which of the following is the correct order, ancestral or derived, of the plants including their algal ancestor? (B) Chara, Mosses, Ferns, Conifers, Flowering Plants.

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12/18/23, 10:41 AM Biology 172 Final Exam Flashcards | Quizlet https://quizlet.com/497060740/biology-172-final-exam-flash-cards/ 10/12 During which portion of the demographic transition does a population experience negative population growth? (D) Stage IV The global human population will continue to grow at an exponential (Malthusian) rate as long as there remains many people in Stage II of the demographic transition. (A) True. (8) Which of the following statements concerning Malthusian (exponential/geometric) growth is false? (C) Fitness declines with increased population density. (9) Which of the following is false concerning the evolution of birds? (E) None of A-C. Options: (A) Birds are the dinosaurs that survived the 65 mybp mass extinction. (B) Birds evolved from the small, feather-covered theropod (lizard hipped) dinosaurs. (C) Transitional (intermediate) forms of birds, like Archeoptyrx, likely used their feather covered wings to glide from tree branches to the ground. (D) All of A-C. (E) None of A-C. (10) Which of the following statements concerning Verhulst's logistic growth concept is true? (E) All of the above. Options: (A) Populations grow up to an environmental limit and remain at that limit. (B) Recruitment is at a maximum when the population is at half of its Carrying Capacity. (C) Fitness declines with increased population size, and becomes zero when the population reaches the Carrying Capacity. (D) Carrying Capacity may seem an appropriate concept at first glance, but is difficult to define and is likely to change through time. (E) All of the above. (11) Which of the following dates is the best fit for the age of the oldest fossil plants? (C) 470 mybp (12) What was the character, or characters, that allowed plants to inhabit environments where water and sunlight were not present and in the same immediate location? (E) Both A & C. Options: (A) The structural protein Lignin. (B) Jacketed gamentia. (C) Vascular tissue. (D) Both A & B. (E) Both A & C. (13) Which of the following is not true with respect to the seed bearing plants and seeds? (B) Seeds are an adaptation to attract animals to disperse the seeds.

12/18/23, 10:41 AM Biology 172 Final Exam Flashcards | Quizlet https://quizlet.com/497060740/biology-172-final-exam-flash-cards/ 11/12 (14) Which of the following statements is false? (B) Metabolic demands on assimilated energy include feces, growth, and the formation of offspring. Options: (A) Terrestrial ecosystems are often restricted to three trophic levels because there is not enough energy remaining after the third trophic level to support a fourth trophic level. (B) Metabolic demands on assimilated energy include feces, growth, and the formation of offspring. (C) Small bodied organisms are not likely to occupy the highest trophic levels in an ecological system as the highest trophic levels are the most energy limited trophic levels in the system and small organisms are inefficient. (D) Aquatic ecosystems often have more than three trophic levels because they are primarily composed of cold blooded (poikilothermic) organisms which have ecological efficiencies greater than 10%. (E) When comparing herbivores, large bodied herbivores can exist on poor quality (low energy) food like grass and tree roots and bark because they are more efficient than small bodied herbivores. (15) Which of the following statements is false? (C) The Pelycosaur was an early dinosaur which used its dorsal sail to rid its body of heat generated during its active lifestyle. Options: (A) Amphibians are believed to have evolved from the lobe-finned fishes approximately 350 mya. (B) Amniotic eggs evolved as an adaptation to prevent desiccation of eggs on dry land. (C) The Pelycosaur was an early dinosaur which used its dorsal sail to rid its body of heat generated during its active lifestyle. (D) Mammals diverged from the other amniotic organisms approximately 300 mya. (E) None of the above. (16) Fungi are a kingdom of heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms that absorb organic material from live or dead organisms. (A) True. (17) The first fishes which possessed jaws were the Chondrichthyes and it is believed that jaws evolved as a modification of the g=cartilage gill arches which supported and maintained the openings of the pharyngeal gill slits. (A) True. (18) Which of the following levels of ecological organization are arranged in the correct order from the most to least inclusive? (B) Ecosystem, community, population, individual.

12/18/23, 10:41 AM Biology 172 Final Exam Flashcards | Quizlet https://quizlet.com/497060740/biology-172-final-exam-flash-cards/ 12/12 (19) Which of the following is not one of the characters that are shared among the chordate animals (Urochordata, cephalochordate, vertebrata)? (C) Radial Symmetry. Options: (A) Pharyngeal gill slits. (B) Notochord. (C) Radial symmetry. (D) Segmented muscle tissues. (E) Dorsal hollow nerve cord. (20) Although the lobe-finned fishes have fin skeletal structures that resemble the limbs of early amphibians, it is the lung fishes with their lung-like air sacs that are believed to be the ancestors to the amphibians and amniotic organisms. (B) False. (21) Which of the following is not one of the characteristics of a mammal? (A) Eggs which have evolved to survive out of water. Options: (A)Eggs which have evolved to survive out of water. (B) Mammary glands which provide milk for nurturing offspring. (C) A hairy body covering the conserve heat. (D) Homeothermy (metabolic regulation of internal body temperature). (E) All of the above.

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