Bio 172 Exam 2 Flashcards _ Quizlet

pdf

School

Portage Learning *

*We aren’t endorsed by this school

Course

172

Subject

Biology

Date

Jan 9, 2024

Type

pdf

Pages

Uploaded by BarristerEnergy12730

12/18/23, 10:41 AM Bio 172 Exam 2 Flashcards | Quizlet https://quizlet.com/55386930/bio-172-exam-2-flash-cards/ 1/7 Try the fastest way to create flashcards Bio 172 Exam 2 13 studiers recently 5.0 (2 reviews) Students also viewed Terms in this set (98) Others also viewed these textbooks Search for a textbook or question Human Resource Management 15th Edition • ISBN: 9781337520164 John David Jackson, Patricia Meglich, Robert Mathis, Sean Valentine 249 solutions Bio 172 Exam 2 University of Michigan 153 terms Angiels Preview Biology 172 -- Extra Credit Quiz (Biot ... 29 terms Noah_White346 Preview BIO 172 EXAM 3 170 terms Fatimah_Luay Preview Biology 172 89 terms rjyancey What are three ways energy is extracted from glucose? Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cylce, Oxidative Phosphorylation What enzyme in the investment phase of glycolysis is responsible for cosumeing ATP to break down carbohydrates? Phosphofruktokinase How many binding sites does phosphfruktokinase have? What binds there? It has a regulatory and active site. Both bind to ATP. When ATP binds at phosphfruktokinase's regulatory site, what happens to the reaction rate? It decreases, ATP inhibits phosphfruktokinase Feedback inhibition When the product of a sequence of reactions can be used to allosterically inhibit on of the enzymes catalyzing the reaction.

12/18/23, 10:41 AM Bio 172 Exam 2 Flashcards | Quizlet https://quizlet.com/55386930/bio-172-exam-2-flash-cards/ 2/7 Phase 1 Glycolysis The energy investment phase. Two ATP are consumed. Fructose-1,6- Biphosphate is the product. Phase 2 glycolysis The Cleavage phase. Fructose-1,6-Biphosphate is cleaved into two glyceraldehyde-3-phosphates. No ATP consumption. Phase 3 Glycolysis The Payoff phase. 2 NADH and 4 ATP produced. Pyruvate formed. Net Products of Glycolysis 2 Pyruvate 2 NADH 2 ATP How is ATP created in Glycolysis? Substrate Level Phosphorylation Substrate Level Phosphorylation The use of a chemical substrate to transfer a phosphate directly to an ADP molecule and form ATP. Net Equation for Glycolysis C ₆ H ₁₂ 0 ₆ + 2 NAD ⁺ + 2 ADP + P → 2 Pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 H ⁺ + 2 ATP Where does Glycolysis Occur? The Cytosol Where does pyruvate go what oxygen is present? To Acetyl-CoA synthesis and then to the Citric Acid Cycle Where does pyruvate go when oxygen isn't present? To fermentation How is glycolysis linked to the citric acid cycle? Acetyl-CoA synthesis What are the products of Acetyl-CoA synthesis? 2 Acetyl-CoA 2 CO ₂ 2 NADH Starting materials for Acetyl-Coa Synthesis 2 Pyruvate 2 NAD ⁺ 2 Coenzyme A Where does Acetly-CoA synthesis take place? Intermembrane Space What is the Purpose of the Citric Acid Cycle? To extract energy from pyruvate and form high energy electron carriers Where does the citric acid cycle occur? Mitochondrial Matrix (Eukaryotes) Cytosol (Prokaryotes) Products of Citric Acid Cycle 6 NADH 2 FADH ₂ 4 CO ₂ 2 ATP

12/18/23, 10:41 AM Bio 172 Exam 2 Flashcards | Quizlet https://quizlet.com/55386930/bio-172-exam-2-flash-cards/ 3/7 Citric Acid Cycle Reactants 6 NAD ⁺ 2 FAD 2 Acetyl-CoA 2 ADP + P Steps for Electron Transport Chain 1. NADH and FADH ₂ donate 2 electrons 2. Electrons travel through ETC (4 protein complexes) 3. Oxygen Accepts the Final electron 4. Protein gradient drives a motor that produces ATP What is the final electron acceptor in the ETC? Oxygen What happens to free energy during the ETC? It progressively decreases What type of reaction is fermentation? Anaerobic What does fermentation produce in animal cells? 2 Lactic Acid and 2 NAD ⁺ What does fermentation produce in plant cells? 2 Ethanol and 2 NAD ⁺ Where does ATP get its high free energy from? Closely packed negatively charged phosphate groups What happens when ATP is hydrolized? What type of reaction is it? Energy is released, its an exergonic reaction. Photosynthesis The use of light energy to generate organic molecules Photosynthesis Reaction 6CO ₂ + 6H ₂ O + Light → C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ + 6O ₂ What are the two parts of photosynthesis? Light Dependent Reactions (PETC) The Calvin Cycle (Carbohydrate synthesis) Chloroplast An organelle found in plant cells where Photosynthesis occurs Florescence in chlorophyll When a high energy electron drops to normal energy emitting heat and light Resonance in chlorophyll When a high energy electron drops to low energy by passing the energy to a nearby chlorophyll Reduction/Oxidation in Chlorophyll When the reaction center passes its high energy electron to the electron accpetor Steps of the Photosynthetic Electric Transport Chain (PETC) 1. Light excited PSII's chlorophylls 2. The electron acceptor (pheophytin) accepts excited electrons from the chlorophyll 3. Electrons are passed from pheophytin to PQ then down the PETC to cytochrome B ₆ 4. PQ Pumps protons from the stroma 5. Protons are released into the thykaloid lumen, producing ATP

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

12/18/23, 10:41 AM Bio 172 Exam 2 Flashcards | Quizlet https://quizlet.com/55386930/bio-172-exam-2-flash-cards/ 4/7 Z Scheme A visual scheme depicting the PETC Ferredoxin Where electrons from PSI are passed. It is a protein that donates electrons to NADP ⁺ to form NADPH. What does non-cyclic electron flow produce? NADPH ATP How does cyclic eletron flow work? What does it produce? In times where ATP levels are low and NADPH levels are high ferredoxin will send electrons back to PQ to form more ATP. No NADPH will be produced What are the metabolic end products of the light reactions in photosynthesis? ATP NADPH O ₂ What are the three types of ATP synthesis and where do they occur? Substrate level phosphorylation: Glycolysis and Fermentation Oxidative Phosphorylation: Electron Transport chain (Mitochondrial Matrix) Photophosphyrlation: Photosynthetic Electric Transport Chain. (Thykaloid Membrane) Where does the Calvin Cycle occur? Stroma Phases of the Calvin Cycle Carbon Fixation Reduction Regeneration Carbon Fixation/Carboxylation (Calvin Cycle) 3 CO ₂ molecules are added to RuBP by Rubisco. Reduction (Calvin Cycle) Electrons from ATP get added to the CO ₂ -RuBP molecule causing a cleavage into 2 PGA. Then NADPH reduces the PGA to make 6 G3P. Reduction (Calvin Cycle) Expenses 6 ATP 6 NADPH Where does one of the G3P's go when it exits the cycle? Its used to make macromolecules Regeration (Calvin Cycle) 3 RuBPs are regenerated from the remaining 5 G3Ps by hydrolyzing ATP for energy. Where is ATP used in the Calvin Cycle? Reduction and Regeneration What are the net expenses for the Calvin Cycle? 3 CO ₂ 6 NADPH 9 ATP Rubisco Most abundant enzyme on the planet Used for carbon fixation

12/18/23, 10:41 AM Bio 172 Exam 2 Flashcards | Quizlet https://quizlet.com/55386930/bio-172-exam-2-flash-cards/ 5/7 What can rubisco use instead of CO ₂ ? What are the problems with this? It can use O ₂ but it needs more ATP from the light reactions Products of the Calvin Cycle? 6 G3P Chromosome A double stranded polymer of millions of nucleotides. Contains genetic information. Genes Parts of chromosomes that each encode one protein Central Dogma DNA to RNA to Protein Griffith's Experiment Showed that Nonvirulent bacteria could be transformed to virulent bacteria when mixed with dead virulent bacteria. Showed that an unknown compound existed that transferred genetic material. Avery, McCarthy, MacLeod Experiment DNase destroyed the DNA the bacteria with it wasn't virulent. This lead to the conclusion that DNA was the unknown molecule. Hershey and Chase Experiment Proteins and DNA were radioactively tagged in viruses which then infected bacteria. They then looked to see what was in the bacteria. DNA was in it. Meselson-Stahl Experiment Showed that DNA replicated in a semi-conservative way Which direction does DNA replication proceed in? 5'-3' What catalyzes DNA replication? DNA polymerase Elongation phase (Transcription) The replications of the leading and lagging strands in the 5'-3' direction. What two things does DNA polymerase need to synthesize a new strand? An RNA primer and a template strand Helicase An enzyme that opens the helical strands of DNA Single-Stranded DNA binding proteins Stabilizes single stranded DNA Topoisomerase Relieves twisting forces from the opening of the helix Primase Synthesizes the RNA primer DNA Polymerase III Extended the Okazaki fragments and the leading strand DNA Polymerase I Removes and replaces the RNA primer DNA Ligase Joins okazaki fragments together

12/18/23, 10:41 AM Bio 172 Exam 2 Flashcards | Quizlet https://quizlet.com/55386930/bio-172-exam-2-flash-cards/ 6/7 Telomerase Replaces lost telomere repeats and prevents successive shortening of chromosomes Transcription DNA is used as a molecule to make RNA Translation mRNA is brought into the ribosome and synthesized into a protein Where does translation occur? Cytosol What carries out translation? Ribosomes 3 Types of RNA necessary for translation rRNA mRNA tRNA Codon A three nucleotide sequence that codes for a specific amino acid Anticodon A complementary pairing to a codon that a tRNA with a specific amino acid group has Aminoacyl tRNA synthesis When a tRNA attaches attaches to a specific amino acid P site Holds the tRNA with the growing peptide attached A site Holds the aminoacyl tRNA in place. The on deck spot. E site Holds the tRNA that's about to exit Initiation of Translation 1.The small subunit attaches to the 5' end of the mRNA 2. Initiator aminoacyl tRNA binds to start codon 3. Large subunit binds (initiator tRNA is P site) Elongation of Translation 1. Incoming aminoacyl tRNA attaches to A site 2. Peptide bond formed 3. Translocation of tRNA Termination of Translation 1. Release factor protein binds with stop codon 2. Release factor ejects polypeptide 3. Ribosomal subunits dissociate What is the direction of polypeptide synthesis? Amino → COOH Coding region The region of RNA read by ribosomes Mutation Any heritable change in the genetic material of an organism Point mutations Single base pair changes resulting in changes in mRNA

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

12/18/23, 10:41 AM Bio 172 Exam 2 Flashcards | Quizlet https://quizlet.com/55386930/bio-172-exam-2-flash-cards/ 7/7 Silent Mutation A point mutation that doesn't change the amino acid sequence Missense Mutation A point mutation that codes for an incorrect amino acid Nonsense Mutation A point mutation that codes for a stop codon and ends translation Frameshift mutation The insertion or deletion of one or two base pairs that results in the shifting of the reading frame

Bio 172 Exam 2 Flashcards _ Quizlet

Related Documents