BIOL Exam 2 Final

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Jun 21, 2024

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NAME: Jorge Itzak Urbina #80691404 BIOL 2311 – Exam 2 (47 questions; max score: 110 out of 100 points) Multiple choice questions. (40 points) Please select a single answer per question. 1 point per question 1. The hands and feet experience high amounts of abrasion. It contains so called thick skin having five epidermal strata. Which epidermal layer in thick skin consists of dead keratinocytes? a. stratum corneum b. stratum lucidum c. stratum granulosum d. a and b e. a, b, and c 2. A sonogram or an x-ray image of an eight weeks-old embryo would reveal that: a. synovial joints that resemble adult joints b. diaphysis of long bones well ossified c. ossified sutures between cranial bones d. a and b e. a, b, and c 3. While brushing their hair, a middle-aged person found gray hairs. Which of the following is a possible reason(s) for the presence the gray hairs? a. decreased melanin production b. increased bubbles in hair shaft c. increased dead keratinized cells d. a and b e. a, b, and c 4. Which of the following statements relating to bone classification by shape is incorrect? a. flat bones are thin and slightly curved b. irregular bones have complex shapes c. short bones have cuboid shapes d. all long bones are wider than they are long e. none of the above 5. Skeletal cartilages are avascular. They depend on __________ for nutrient delivery. a. chondrocytes b. collagen c. elastic fibers d. perichondrium e. none of the above 6. Which of the following statements relating to the hypodermis is incorrect? a. it is also called the subcutaneous layer b. it is part of the skin c. It is a storage site for body fat d. it is deep to the epidermal and dermal skin layers e. none of the above
7. Fingerprints are friction ridge type of skin markings. What gives rise to the bumpy nature of fingerprints? a. the superficial dermal ridges b. the deep papillary ridges c. openings of sweat glands d. a and b e. a, b, and c 8. Which of the following statements relating to the horny layer is incorrect? (1 point) a. it contains dead and flat keratinocytes b. it contains glycolipids in the intracellular space c. it functions to protect from abrasion d. it continually sheds dead cells e. none of the above 9. Adduction is characterized by movement towards the midline along the __________ plane. a. sagittal b. frontal c. transverse d. a and b e. a, b, and c 10. Which common joint injury type is characterized by ligaments being stretched or torn? a. cartilage tears b. sprains c. dislocations d. a and b e. a, b, and c 11. Which of the following statements about the cells of the epidermis is false? a. keratinocytes produce the fibrous keratin protein b. melanocytes produce the pigment melanin c. Langerhans cells produce macrophages d. Merkel cells send information to sensory neurons e. None of the above 12. Surgeons use cleavage lines as guides for incisions as they readily heal and produce less scarring. They are made of __________ fibers arranged in bundles. a. keratin b. elastin c. collagen d. a and b e. a, b, and c 13. The basal layer is the deepest epidermal layer. Which of the statements about it is inaccurate? a. it consists of a row of actively mitotic stem cells b. it contains melanin-producing melanocytes
c. it contains dermal dendritic cells d. it houses the “youngest” keratinocytes e. none of the above 14. In an anemic condition, the body can convert _____ from _____ to increase healthy red blood cell numbers. a. yellow marrow; red marrow b. hematopoietic cells; adipocytes c. red marrow; yellow marrow d. adipocytes; hematopoietic cells e. none of the above 15. A person has “slipped a disc” of the vertebral column, which structural classification joint type is disrupted? a. synovial b. synchondroses c. cartilaginous d. fibrous e. none of the above 16. __________ are rigid interlocking fibrous joints that allow for growth in youth? a. sutures b. synostoses c. symphyses d. a and b e. a, b, and c 17. Which of the following statements relating to the dermal layer is incorrect? a. it has two layers include thick papillary and thin reticular b. it contains macrophages for immune function c. its reticular layer is 80% of the entire dermal thickness d. its papillary layer is vascularized e. none of the above 18. The epidermis is mainly made of __________ tissue while the dermis is mainly made of __________ tissue? a. epithelium; connective b. connective; epithelium c. epithelium; epithelium d. connective; connective e. none of the above 19. The stratum spinosum or prickly layer contains cells that appear spikey, these cells called _____________. a. keratinocytes b. prekeratin filaments c. melanocytes d. desmosomes e. None of the above 20. Which of the following statements about periosteum is inaccurate?
a. it covers spongy bone trabeculae and lines canals passing through the compact bone b. its osteogenic layer contains osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteogenic cells c. it is innervated by nerve fibers nutrient blood vessels and lymphatic vessels d. it is secured to the underlying bone by Sharpey’s fibers e. none of the above 21. _____ found in the _____ is the only pigment made in the skin that contributes to variations in skin color. a. carotene; dermis b. hemoglobin; dermis c. melanin; epidermis d. all of the above e. none of the above 22. Cartilage develops via _____ (matrix added externally) and via _____ (matrix added internally). a. appositional growth; calcification growth b. interstitial growth; appositional growth c . appositional growth; interstitial growth d. interstitial growth; calcification growth e. calcification growth; ossification growth 23. Osteoblasts secrete the organic bone matrix called osteoid. It is composed of the following, except for: a. collagen b. ground substance c. hydroxyapatites d. a and b e. a, b, and c 24. Gomphoses binds teeth to the bony alveolar sockets. The connection is facilitated by a ________. a. tendon b. cartilage c. ligament d. a and b e. b and c 25. Bone growth is controlled by hormones. Which hormone indirectly influences epiphyseal plate activity? a. growth hormone b. calcitonin c. thyroid hormone d. parathyroid hormone e. all of the above 26. The skin plays a vital role in vitamin D synthesis. Which of vitamin D synthesis steps happens in the skin? a. 7-dehydrocholesterol is converted into vitamin D3 b. UV absorption by 7-dehydrocholesterol c. vitamin D3 is converted into vitamin D
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