Study Guide The Why and How of Biology

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Jun 19, 2024

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BIOL 101 S TUDY G UIDE : T HE W HY AND H OW OF B IOLOGY 1 Life is Significant 1.1 Design That Talks The molecular structure of oak wood is comparable in complexity to the structure of the Brooklyn Bridge. Your text uses this comparison to argue that ___________ (as indicated by the title of your text). ( Even though the Brooklyn bridge is compel, it is not comparable to mother nature’s complexity in its design) 1.2 Design at Multiple Levels Microbiological Architecture “Body systems work with each other in highly related ways.” Which principle of life does this statement illustrate? ( Life is intentionally integrated) Macrobiological Systems Distinguish the way most scholars use the word “community” from the way a biologist uses that term. (see second paragraph of this subsection) Arrange the biological levels of organization described in your text from simplest to most complex. Example: individual – population – community – ecosystem (see Fig 1.17) System - individual - population - community - ecosystem - biosphere Identify biological levels of organization: Examples: Biomolecules are composed of A BACKBONE OF CARBON ATOMS BONDED TO EACH OTHER. Cells of a similar type are organized into (ORGAN) to form a TISSUE. A macro-molecular structure in a cell is composed of PROTEINS. (see Fig 1.17) Identify biological levels of organization: Examples: A collection of different populations forms a(n) COMMUNITY All ecosystems on the earth taken together are called a BIOSPHERE (see Fig 1.17) 1.3 Unity Within Diversity Diversity of Styles List the major groups of organisms within a three-domain system of classification. BACTERIA, ARCHAEA, EUKARYA Page 1 of 10

BIOL 101 List the major groups of organisms within a six-kingdom system of classification. see Fig 1.22 a–f . BACTERIA, ARCHAEA, PROTISTA, PLANTAE, ARIMALIA, FUNGI Unity in Essence Identify 2 requirements that drive and direct the growth of any living thing. (Consider the topic sentences of paragraphs three and four in this subsection.) Recall the two principles of life that describe these two requirements. (listed in those two paragraphs) Associate the principle “Life is Information Expressed” with a molecule that is this principle’s starting point. ( Nucleic acids are needed for growth and resided in a class of biomolecules ) Toward a Description of Life Explain why life cannot be defined. It cannot be simply defined because living things are exhibit way too much STRUCTURAL COMPLEXITY and FUNCTIONAL COMPLEXITY Decreases in oxygen level at high altitudes cause hemoglobin levels in the bloodstream to rise. Which principle of life does this statement illustrate? LIFE IS RESPONSIVE 1.4 Teleology, Start to Finish Examples of design in nature lead many to believe there is a purpose lying behind the design. This idea is best captured in what term? THEOLOGY The term “teleology” expresses the idea that behind the designs seen in nature there lies a more ultimate PURPOSE. “A mouse runs because natural selection happens to have given it feet.” What sort of philosopher would make this statement? NATURALISTS Application: A mouse has feet for the purpose of running. Is this statement teleological or non- teleological? Theological - the definition of theology is the philosophical study and purpose Recognize 2 arguments that serious scholars of design use in order to see teleology in nature? 1)Are we sure that the scientific method is the only approach to nature? 2) Does it make sense to everything around us in the realm? To Summarize Recognize examples and non-examples of twelve principles of life on which this course is based. 1)Life is significant 2)Life can be understood Page 2 of 10

BIOL 101 3)Life is complex 4)Life is energy driven 5)Life is information expressed 6)Life is informational continuity 7)Life is internally integrated 8)Life is responsive 9)Life is ultimate art 10) Life is diverse 11) Life is interactive 12) Life is finite Presentation: Biblical Basis of Life’s Significance Recall the reference or location of four Bible passages that each give a reason for life’s significance. Psalms 104:31, Job 7:17-18, Romans 1:20, Psalm 8:5-7 2 Understanding Life’s Design 2.1 How Design is Understood Doing Science Recognize elements of the scientific method based on their description in your textbook. Fig 2.2 (see numbered items in paragraph two of this subsection) A skillful scientist can use a well-asked question to fashion a testable THEORY A hypothesis is: a. a set of related suppositions that when taken together describe a phenomenon b. an explanation to a problem that can be tested experimentally c. a statement about nature that is universally confirmed d. an experiment that tests a theory The scientific method includes all of the following steps except: a. forms a hypothesis b. interpret data to form conclusions (a model) c. builds a model to consider different hypotheses d. experiment to determine whether hypothesis is correct Page 3 of 10

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BIOL 101 e. evaluates and draw conclusions (interpretation of data). Fig 2.2 Place the following activities in their correct order: 1. designing an experiment that yields data 2. running the experiment that generates the data 3. deciding how much data to collect 4. collecting the data 5. interpreting the data to validate or discredit a model Whales communicate over many miles using different frequencies of sound. Would this statement best be described as: a. a specific numerical item of data? b. a large set of data items? c. an interpretation of many large sets of data items? d. an initial hypothesis regarding how whales might communicate? e. a conclusion reached as a result of logical thought about communication? (see third paragraph of this subsection) Which of the following activities could not properly be included in the scientific method? a. validating information b. thinking about problems c. experimenting d. observing results e. changing data. (see third paragraph of this section) Many Christians believe that dinosaurs were created approximately 6,000 years ago because soft tissues have been discovered in fossilized T. rex bones. This belief is an example of: a. data from an experiment b. a prediction leading to design of an experiment c. a controlled experiment d. an interpretation of data e. a question leading to a hypothesis Page 4 of 10

BIOL 101 Many evolutionists believe that Pakicetus, a terrestrial mammal, is the evolutionary ancestor of modern whales because Pakicetus fossils are found below whale fossils in the geologic column. This belief is an example of: a. data from an experiment b. a prediction leading to design of an experiment c. a controlled experiment d. an interpretation of data e. a question leading to a hypothesis A total of 679 leaves fell from trees kept at 10°C, whereas only 83 leaves fell from those kept at 32°C. Is this: a. data from an experiment b. a prediction leading to design of an experiment c. a controlled experiment d. an interpretation of data e. a question leading to a hypothesis A Brazilian student wondered why the leaves began changing colors on the trees in Virginia right around the time of Fall Break. Is this wondering: a. a question leading to a hypothesis b. a hypothesis c. a prediction leading to a design of an experiment d. data from an experiment e. an interpretation of data Tadpoles raised in water with atrazine levels of 0.1 ppb should produce a higher percentage of male frogs with gonadal abnormalities than those raised in pure water. This statement is an example of: a. a question leading to a hypothesis b. a hypothesis c. a testable prediction leading to design of an experiment d. data from an experiment e. an interpretation of data Page 5 of 10

BIOL 101 In 2003, Tyrone Hayes proposed that pesticides could be the cause of worldwide amphibian declines. This statement is an example of: a. a question leading to a hypothesis b. a hypothesis c. a testable prediction leading to design of an experiment d. data from an experiment e. an interpretation of data 30% of the male frogs raised in water with atrazine levels of 0.1 ppb showed signs of testicular oogenesis. This statement is an example of: a. data from an experiment b. a prediction leading to design of an experiment c. a controlled experiment d. an interpretation of data e. a question leading to a hypothesis 2.2 Rational Experimentation: Two Examples The Effect of Sleep on Disease Resistance We wish to know if a vaccine against flu virus will be responded to in a patient by the production of antibodies in the bloodstream. Injection of the vaccine is an example of what element of the scientific method? (see second paragraph of this subsection) “Sleep deprivation results in a decreased ability of the body to challenge pathogens.” What sort of statement is this? Is it an example of data? Or is it an interpretation of data? Fig 2.6 A sleep deprived individual has antibody levels that are exactly 1/3 as high as those of a normal individual. What sort of statement is this? Is it an example of data? Or is it an interpretation of data? Fig 2.6 Experimenting with Prayer Prayer for a cardiac patient will reduce the severity of hospital intervention during the patient’s recovery. This statement is an example of a(n) ______________. (see second paragraph of this subsection) In the study on prayer for heart patients, which of the following would be the hardest thing to control for? a. doctor activities b. hospital features Page 6 of 10

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BIOL 101 c. structure of experimental or control groups d. unknown prayers said for people in the control group. (see third paragraph of this subsection) 2.3 Seeing a Bigger Picture Approaching Truth List 2 separate approaches to truth. (second paragraph of this subsection) Which of the following questions would be virtually impossible to address using the scientific method? a. How much insect variety is there on a species of maple tree in Virginia? b. At what temperature does a 1% solution of NaCl freeze? c. What is the role the enzyme DNase-1 in the lysosome of the cell? d. Why does life exist at all? e. How does the air pressure within a football affect the frequency with which it is caught? Comparing Truth Sources In traditional Western culture, what are 2 widely accepted sources of truth? (paragraphs one and two of this subsection) According to your text, which of these 2 truth sources in more objective? (paragraph one of this subsection) Your text presents scientific truth as error-prone, but it still asserts that it is a valid source of truth. What are 3 reasons found in this part of Section 2.3? (paragraph two of this subsection) Limits to Truth What is 1 limitation that scientists face in being sure they possess scientific “truth”? (See the end of the first paragraph of this subsection.) Scholars face 2 inherent difficulties when they try to scientifically apply revealed truth to the natural world. What are they? (second paragraph of this subsection) The methods of science are limited. They cannot help us to: a. study the reaches of deep space b. derive laws governing modesty of dress in public c. cure cancer d. understand how human beings develop embryonically. Page 7 of 10

BIOL 101 e. study oxygen diffusion from lower leaf surfaces. The Value of Truth from Two Sources Your text presents scientific truth as error-prone, but it still asserts that it is a valid source of truth. What is one additional reason found in this part of Section 2.3? (Note the early content of the second paragraph of this subsection.) When considering the question of origins, what is the value of having two complementary truth sources? (Review second half of the first paragraph of this subsection.) 3 Complexity I: Versatile Elemental Structure 3.1 A Brief History of Understanding Matter Revealing Matter’s Complexity What is a technique that is useful for separating compounds out of a mixture? Fig 3.2 Any substance found in nature will be either a __________, a ______ or a(n) ________. Fig 3.3 The smallest particle of a compound (that has all the properties of the compound) is a(n) __________. (See paragraph four of this subsection.) ________ are made up of molecules that are a combination of two or more elements. (Distill this blank’s identity from the last two paragraphs in this subsection.) A(n)__________ cannot be degraded further by ordinary physical or chemical means. (See the last paragraph of this subsection.) The tiniest, most miniscule bit of a pure elemental substance is a(n)___________. (See the last paragraph of this subsection.) 3.2 Atomic Structure What Are Its Parts? A cloud of ___________ spins around a dense, centrally positioned nucleus. Consider the first sentence of this subsection. In the arrangement of particles within any atom, the outermost sort of particle is always the _________. See Fig 3.5 Neutrons are located within the ________ of the atom. (first paragraph of this subsection) Describe the net charge of a proton, a neutron, and an electron. (See Fig 3.5 and first paragraph of this subsection.) In a normal atom, how does the number of protons compare to the number of electrons? (See the second paragraph in this subsection.) Name and describe the parts and regions within an atom. (See Fig 3.5 and text of this subsection) Page 8 of 10

BIOL 101 When an atom loses an electron, it becomes a positively charged ____. (See the last sentence of this subsection.) A(n) _______is an “atom” that has lost or gained one or more electrons. (See the last sentence of this subsection.) Do Neutrons Make any Difference? What’s an Isotope? The addition of neutrons to an atom affects its _______ but not its _________. See Fig 3.6 3.3 Chemical Bonding Electrons are arranged within spherical ________ arranged in concentric ________ in the structure of atoms. (early in the first paragraph of this section) Ion Formation and Ionic Bonding Sodium ions are attracted to chloride ions because they are __________________. See Fig 3.12 (end of long paragraph) Covalent Bonding The best term to describe the electrons that are involved in a covalent bond is that they are _____________ by each of the two atoms involved. See Fig 3.14 Polarity in Water Molecules and Hydrogen Bonding In forming a water molecule, the _______ atom with six electrons in its outer shell forms two covalent bond(s) with two ___________ atoms. See Fig 3.15 Atoms share electrons __________ in a polar covalent bond. (second paragraph of this subsection) Within a water molecule, the electrons spend most of their time attracted more closely to _____________. See Fig 3.15 In a water molecule, the ______ bond between the oxygen and a hydrogen atom is _______ because the shared electrons orbit closer to the larger oxygen atom. (second paragraph of this subsection, take apart the bold-faced phrase) 4 Complexity II: Molecular Efficiency and Variety Give 4 examples from the living world that exhibit well-designed structures supporting well- designed functions? (first paragraph of this section) In an organism, the structure of an ___________ determines its function; in a cell the structure of a ____________ determines its function (first paragraph of this section) 4.1 The Centrality of Carbon to the Organic Molecules of Life What makes the carbon atom uniquely suited to building large molecules? See Fig. 4.2 Page 9 of 10

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BIOL 101 Define the two terms, “monomer” and “polymer” and relate them to each other. (see paragraph six of this section.) 4.2 Construction and Degradation of Organic Molecules A condensation reaction joins two organic molecules together creating an H+ ion and an –OH ion. What then happens to these two ions? See Fig 4.5. (second paragraph of this section) Virtually all monomer in cells are built into polymers by removing _________ from one monomer and ____________ from the other monomer and using these products to form ____________. See Fig 4.5 (second paragraph of this section) Page 10 of 10

Study Guide The Why and How of Biology

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