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Epidemiology Prospectus
STD Prevalence in Louisiana
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are infections that are transmitted through sexual contact, whether it be orally, vaginally, or rectally. STDs may fall into one of three categories: bacterial, viral, and parasitic. Although there are numerous STDs, the bacterial STDs, syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia appear to be the most prevalent. STD testing appears to have begun as early as the late 19
th
century, with the discovery of gonococcus (gonorrhea) in gram stain cultures, by dermatologist and bacteriologist Albert Neisser (Ligon, 2005). Further testing was discovered in the early 20
th century by August Wassermann, a German bacteriologist and hygienist. He developed the Wassermann test, which was an antibody test for syphilis (Tampa et al., 2014). In 1928, penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming, and by the 1940s, was used as treatment for these bacterial STDs (Tan & Tatsumura, 2015). The number of STD cases in the
U.S. has risen significantly throughout the years. In the 1940s there were approximately 700,000 cases of STDs reported in the U.S., whereas in 2017 there were a reported 2.4 million cases nationwide (Pickering, 2019). For the purposes of this project we will focus on the prevalence of bacterial STDs in Louisiana.
Therefore, the question is what are the reasons behind the increasing cases of STDs in Louisiana? Our hypothesis is to identify the direct role of socio-economic factors such as education, resources, employment, community safety, and social support on the prevalence of STD. Socio-economic factors play a vital role in increasing STDs across Louisiana. Depending on the geographical location, there may not be enough testing centers or community programs in place. These are important aspects because treating and preventing unsafe sexual practices help to improve community safety. Furthermore, lack of employment and social support inhibit
2
people from testing, which can result in the spreading of disease. Therefore, we plan to analyze these factors to reduce the cases of STDs and improve the health of the people.
Literature used to answer the question and provide recommendations include:
An article from the U.S Department of Health & Human Services about Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI’s).
A report about Sexually Transmitted Infections National Strategic Plan for the United State for 2021-2025.
A report regarding the Louisiana STD/HIV Update from Louisiana LDH Office of Public
Health STD/HIV Program
A surveillance report from 2018 about STD/HIV from the State of Louisiana Department
of Health of Public Health
A report regarding Sexually Transmitted Disease by State from the National Council for Home Safety and Security
A Bespoke Surgical report regarding STD Rates, Awareness, & Education in Each State
An article discussing STD Prevention Policies in the United States: Evidence and Opportunities on the National Center for Biotechnology Information database
An article titled Sexually Transmitted Disease Prevention Policies in the United States Evidence and Opportunities by Journal of the American Sexually Transmitted Disease Association
An article from Inner body Research titled These States Have the Highest and Lowest STD Rate
The data from the literature will serve as evidence to the issue of sexually transmitted disease prevalence in the state of Louisiana. The data will allow us to pinpoint populations
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