Understanding Neurons, Digestion, and Genetics in LS 15 Review

docx

School

University of California, Davis *

*We aren’t endorsed by this school

Course

101

Subject

Biology

Date

Jun 10, 2024

Type

docx

Pages

Uploaded by MinisterBook21774

LS 15 Review 1 PVC and nylon are common materials insulating electrical cables. This insulation reduces the loss of energy, and likewise information, over long distances. These insulating materials are analogous to which structure in a neuron? ⁃ myelin sheath 2 Which of the following is a feature that all sensory organs have in common? ⁃ All of the above 3 Cross-culturally, humans have developed some common ways of preparing food, including using heat and marinating food in acidic solutions, such as lime juice. How might these be adaptations to aid digestion? ⁃ heat and acid help disrupt the tissue of food items. This causes digestive enzymes to have increased contact with the food molecules and break them down 4 Which of the following occurs shortly after a person is exposed to a stressful situation? ⁃ increased blood glucose levels 5 What is the ultimate cause of emotions such as jealousy, anger, and happiness? ⁃ the impact of such emotions on an individual's fitness 6 Caffeine increases a person's alertness by: ⁃ enabling the generation of action potentials that would otherwise be inhibited by adenosine. 7 Maternal diabetes is thought to be the consequence of: ⁃ conflict between the mother and fetus with respect to how much food the fetus should be given, since a mother is equally related to the fetus and all future offspring of hers while the fetus is more related to itself than to subsequent siblings. 8 Individuals that have the same genotype for a given trait: ⁃ can have different phenotypes for that trait. 9 At the resting membrane potential in a neuron:

⁃ the sodium/potassium pump is inactive. 10 Evidence from experiments in which dark-eyed junco males receive implants of slow-release supplemental testosterone revealed that individuals with higher testosterone experience: ⁃ a potential conflict between survival and reproductive success. 11 Vitamins and minerals are essential components of the human diet and promote health because: ⁃ they help catalyze chemical processes throughout the body. 12 Which of the following is the primary function of the large intestine? ⁃ re-absorb water and salts 13 Black Widow spider venom triggers the release of acetylcholine. Which of the following is most likely to counteract the venom's effect? ⁃ muscle relaxants 14 Which of the following describes a reason why there is a higher occurrence of monogamy among bird species than among mammal species? ⁃ Both male and female birds are capable of incubating eggs and feeding newborn offspring. 15 Phalaropes are a type of bird with unusual reproductive behavior: the males do most of the work of incubating eggs and taking care of offspring. What behaviors might we expect to see in these birds? ⁃ Females fight over males and have more colorful feathers than males. 16 Which of the following statements about Short Tandem Repeats (STR), if any, is NOT true? ⁃ All of the statements above are true. 17: The ingredient label on a container of shortening indicates "partially hydrogenated vegetable oil." This means that the number of carbon-carbon double bonds in the oil was reduced during processing. What is the result of decreasing the number of double bonds? - The oil is now more likely to be solid at room temperature

18: Researchers performed a Short Tandem Repeat (STR) analysis of all newborn offspring and parents in a population of Australian wombats. They determined that the male-to-female ratio of variance in number of offspring is close to 1. From this information, they can conclude that the population is: - Monogamous 19: Why would a blood bank give you a sticker that says you donated blood? - to enhance blood donors reputations, thereby providing an incentive for donating blood 20: Recent brain imaging research revealed that the posterior hippocampus size was greater among individuals who trained for and passed the certification test for London cab drivers than among those who trained for and did not pass the test. Individuals from the two groups did not differ in their posterior hippocampus size prior to training for the test. These results support the hypothesis that: - many different parts of the brain can increase in size with use 21: Antibiotics are good for killing the bacteria that cause sinus infections (but also those that live in your colon. Based on your understanding of digestion, which of the following is another potential effect of taking such antibiotics? - You may, while taking the antibiotic. be at higher risk of certain vitamin deficiencies. 22: Many economists were surprised by the first reported results of the Ultimatum Game. Why? - Economists' initial expectations ignored the influence of human evolutionary history on behavior. 23: How do facial injections of botulinum toxin reduce the appearance of wrinkles? - The toxin degrades acetvIcholine within vesicles of the presynaptic neuron, reducing post- synaptic stimulation and so producing temporary paralysis. 24: Which of the following is NOT a function of the small intestine? - mechanical digestion of food 25: Amplexus is a mating strategy that occurs in most species of frogs. This tactic has evolved because: - It ensures that a male's sperm is released at the same time and place as a female's eggs, increasing his likelihood of fertilization. 26: Which of the following statements about cortisol is NOT true? - It is typically released in combination with oxytocin.

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

27: In a study titled: "Memories of painful medical procedures," researchers noted that patients who had a twenty-minute painful procedure (colonoscopy) were less likely to return for a follow-up visit than patients who had the same twenty-minute painful procedure if it was followed by five additional minutes of colonoscopy pain that was gradually reduced. This suggests that: - humans prefer experiences that end on a positive note, even if the overall duration of the negative experience is greater. 28: The testicle size of chimps (relative to body weight) is fifteen times greater than that of gorillas. The best explanation for this difference is: - gorillas have a strictly monogamous mating system, while chimps are polygynous. 29: The sex with the greater energetic investment in reproduction typically will be ____ when it comes to selecting mates. - More discriminating 30: Which of the following happens when we sleep? - Adenosine molecules are reabsorbed. 31: Which of the following is a feature of the small intestine that helps the body get nutrients from food into the bloodstream? - The small intestine has a large surtace area 32: To operate effectively, the endocrine system is largely dependent on the: - Circulatory system 33: For traits that have a steep norm of reaction: the environment has a large amount of influence in determining the phenotype. 34: Which of the following best exemplifies the naturalistic fallacy? Infanticide is commonly found in nature and therefore should be tolerated in humans 35: In a polyandrous mating system: variance in female reproductive success is greater than variance in male reproductive success. 36: Which of the following describes a reason why there is a higher occurrence of monogamy among bird species than among mammal species? Both male and female birds are capable of incubating eggs and feeding newborn offspring. 37: A healthy individual is able to identify gradations in sensations such as hot or cold: because varying numbers of neurons within a nerve can fire, depending on the strength of a stimulus

38: In individuals with multiple sclerosis, myelin is gradually lost. What symptoms result from this condition? Their neurons gradually lose the ability to conduct electrical impulses. 39: Puffer fish can be toxic to eat because they contain tetrodotoxin, a poison that blocks voltage-gated sodium channels. If you consumed this toxin, what effect would it have on motor neurons? It would prevent the occurrence of action potentials. 40: Compared to the nervous system, the endocrine system: is more commonly responsible for long-term regulation or physiological processes. 41: Under what conditions would an allele be most likely to increase in a population? The allele leads to deceptive behavior that increases individual fitness 42: In human societies: Both the average number of children and the variance in number of children is the same for males and females. 43: In a situation in which males guard eggs and care for the young without help from the female, which of the following statements is most likely TRUE? Females are more brightly colored than males and court males aggressively. 44: Anecdotal evidence: can seem to reveal links between two phenomena when the links do not actually exist. 45: Whenever the coefficient of relatedness between two individuals is less than 1.0, we should expect some conflict. This is because: an individual is related to itself by r = 1.0 and to other individuals by less than 1.0. 46: Exclusive male parental care is much more prevalent in fish than mammals because: most fish reproduce by external fertilization while most mammals do not. 47: Kin selection is defined as: selection for a behavior that reduces an individual's own reproductive success but raises that of one or more genetic relatives. 48: The "Sauce Béarnaise" syndrome demonstrates that: learning can be constrained by an organism's environment of evolutionary adaptedness. 49. Human babies show a greater fear response to snakes than to guns because: Throughout most of our evolutionary history, guns have caused less mortality than snakes

50. Which of the following has been observed in cognitive performance studies? Women typically outperform men at object memory tests, especially when their estrogen levels are high 51. Why is it so much easier for an infant to learn a complex language than for a college student to learn biology? Both b) and c) are true 52. Why must vegetarians worry about balancing complementary proteins? Most plant proteins do not contain all the essential amino acids while most animal proteins do 53. Among birds, males are XX and females are XZ, which sex is more likely to display a sex- linked dominant trait? Males 54. As selection pressure on a trait increases, what would you expect to happen to variation for the trait within a population? Variation will decrease 55. A group of researchers is trying to determine whether 500 mg of caffeine a day can improve overall mood in women who suffer from depression. Which of the following groups would be the best to obtain research participants from? 500 women of various ages, randomly selected, who suffer from depression 56. Gregor Mendel bred two pea plants, one with purple flowers and one with white flowers and found that the next generation all had purple flowers. 1 PP: 2Pp 57. Adaptations shaped by natural selection: May be out of date, having been shaped in the past which may have been different from the present. 58. Progeria is a genetic disorder that causes numerous symptoms that resemble premature aging in patients. Progeria is caused by a dominant allele, and it always results in fatality before sexual maturity. Every case of progeria must be caused by a new mutation. 59. The chief driving force behind the evolution of anti-cuckoldry strategies in male mammals is: The paternity uncertainty that is inevitable when fertilization and gestation occur within the female 60. Which of the following is Not an important condition for the maintenance of reciprocal altruism.

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

The degree of genetic relatedness between the actor and recipient of altruistic-appearing acts 61. Which of the following statements describes the changes in testosterone levels in males before and after a competitive interaction? Testosterone levels increase in both males prior to the competition. Following the competition, testosterone levels stay high in the winner and rapidly decrease in the loser. 62. Which of the following statements about plants and nervous systems is TRUE? Plants cannot feel pain because they do not have nervous systems 63. Which of the following options best describes the sequence of events during neuron firing and re-polarization? Na+ rushes into the neuron, membrane potential increases, K+ rushes out of the neuron, membrane potential decreases, cell overshoots resting potential due to slow closing of K+ channels, Na+/K+ pump restores neuron to resting state. 64. Mismatch is the phenomenon of a species living in an environment that differs from its Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness. Which of the following populations of organisms currently are not in a state of evolutionary mismatch? Vampire bats 64: mismatch is the phenomenon of a species living in an environment that differs from its Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness. Which of the following populations of organisms currently are not in a state of evolutionary mismatch? A: vampire bats 65: fiber is an important part of the human diet because A: aids in the removal of unhealthy substances (including cholesterol) from the digestive tract 66: Mendel’s law of segregation states that: A: each of two alleles for a given trait segregate into different gametes 67: “Survival of the fittest” can be misleading phrase to describe of evolution by natural selection because: A: survival matters less for natural selection than does reproductive success 68: The drugs cocaine, nicotine, and THC are defensive toxins produced by plants and stored in the leaves. Opium is a resin that is released when plant tissue is damaged. And caffeine is present in the seeds of coffee plants. Why would evolution result in plants that produce chemicals such as these? A: any of the above are possible

69: Which of the following is true for women who receive hormone replacement therapy following the onset of menopause? A: the incidence of depression is reduced 70: what of the following could be a source of error when using STRs to identify whether a DNA sample belongs to a specific individual A: STRs are more likely to be the same among individuals in a genetically uniform population 71: which of the following elements is found in proteins, but not carbohydrates or fats? A: nitrogen 72: the antidepressant medication called Prozac works by… A: increasing the amount of serotonin in the brain 73: injecting a female prairie vole with an oxytocin-blocker will have which of the following effects? A: the female will not bond with the male that she mates with 74: artificial selection was used on corn to produce a single strain of corn…. A: all or most of the natural variation for these traits has been eliminated. 75: which digestive enzymes are secreted in the mouth? A: salivary amylase 76: a man who is a silent carrier of the FMO3- related disease “fish odor syndrome”… A: the mother is also a silent carrier of the defective FM03 allele 77: which of the following statements about indigestion is TRUE: A: indigestion is caused by a breakdown is the lining of the stomach 78: why have humans and other animals evolved a taste preference for fatty foods? A: lipids contain the highest amount of energy per gram of any macromolecule 79: can vitamin supplements “double your health” as one famous doctor claimed A: no. your body needs only a small amount of vitamins, which it gets from a balanced diet. Consuming more than that amount is not useful.

80: almost without exception, zoo animals weigh significantly more than their counterparts living in the wild. Why? A: zoo animals live in an environment that is different from the Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness (EEA)….

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Related Documents