BIO 251 Final Exam FA22 to share

NAME: BIO 251 Final Exam Note: Supplementary information is available on the last page. Multiple Choice (3 points each). Please circle the best answer. 1. Which of the following processes reduces carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere? a. Nitrogen fixation b. Transpiration c. Photosynthesis d. Cellular respiration 2. Organic compounds are converted to inorganic compounds in what process? a. Nitrogen fixation b. Photosynthesis c. Decomposition d. Precipitation 3. Which of the following is a solution to reduce overexploitation? a. Public transportation b. Subsidies to oil companies c. Fishing regulations d. Habitat corridors 4. A species of beetle will attach to a mouse to disperse to a new habitat. The mouse is unaffected by the beetle. What sort of species interaction is exemplified in this case? a. Mutualism b. Competition c. Consumption d. Commensalism 5. Which of the following is not occurring with human-induced global climate change? a. Higher sea levels b. Increased surface temperatures c. Less frequent tropical storms d. Changes in precipitation levels 6. Permafrost is thawing due to climate change. Increased respiration in thawed permafrost is leading to increased carbon dioxide release, which contributes to warming. What type of feedback mechanism would this situation describe with respect to climate change? a. Positive feedback b. Neutral feedback c. Negative feedback d. Peer feedback 7. Island biogeography theory focuses on predicting what ecological metric on islands? a. Body size b. Richness c. Abundance d. Evenness 8. Which of the following is an example of an extant species? a. A mammoth b. An elephant 9. The addition of a new plant species into a field results in reduced growth and

reproduction of other plant species in the field. What kind of species interaction is exemplified in this case? a. Mutualism b. Competition c. Consumption d. Commensalism 10. Which of the following is an example of an ecological metapopulation? a. A population of mammoths that is now extinct b. All butterflies on the planet c. A set of deer populations that have limited dispersal between them d. One age class of Coho salmon in Lake Michigan 11. Ecological succession describes which of the following: a. Changes in species composition in a community over time b. Variation in individual body size over time c. Evolutionary changes in a population over thousands of years 12. How is the pH of ocean water changing as atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations increase? a. pH is increasing b. pH is decreasing c. pH is not changing 13. GPP in a prairie is 155 g/m 2 /yr, and respiration is estimated at 50 g/m 2 /yr. What is the estimated NPP? a. 205 g/m 2 /yr b. 105 g/m 2 /yr c. 45 g/m 2 /yr d. 3.1 g/m 2 /yr 14. Which of the following is an example of a primary producer? a. Cows b. Earthworms c. Green algae d. E. coli 15. Under the competitive exclusion principle, what is the outcome of competition between two competing algae species that share the same niche? a. One species will be driven extinct b. Both species will be driven extinct c. Both species will coexist 16. Via what evolutionary process are new variants of SARS-CoV-1 formed? a. Natural selection b. Genetic drift c. Gene flow d. Mutation 17. Wolf introductions in Yellowstone resulted in which of the following? a. Increased elk population size, decreased tree growth

c. A dead nematode buried rapidly d. A dead arthropod buried rapidly 26. Which of the following is an example of speciation by vicariance? a. A subset of individuals from a population colonize a new habitat and evolve into a new species b. A mountain range forms and subdivides a population, forming a new species c. Members of a parasite species that co-occur in the same region but differ in host species evolve into two different species 27. Which species concept is used to classify dinosaurs by paleontologists who study fossils to distinguish species? a. Phylogenetic b. Morphological c. Biological 28. All of the following must NOT be happening in a population under Hardy Weinberg equilibrium except? a. Random Mating b. Natural Selection c. Gene Flow d. Genetic Drift 29. Which of the following groups does not include any autotrophs? a. Protists b. Plants c. Fungi d. Bacteria 30. Which of the following is NOT true of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes? a. Both have cell membranes b. Both use DNA as genetic material c. Both have mitochondria d. Both include pathogens of humans 31. Which of the following is generally a density-dependent factor affecting population growth? a. Food availability b. Temperature c. Earthquakes 32. Which of the following is the main reason temperatures in Illinois are colder in January than in July? a. The earth is further from the sun in January b. The northern hemisphere is tilted away from the sun in January c. More snowfall occurs in January d. The lake effect from Lake Michigan is strongest in January 33. Based on the phylogeny shown below, which of the following types of plants is most closely related to ginkgoes (Ginkophyta)? a. Club mosses (Lycophyta) b. Horsetails (Equisetophyta)

c. Flowers (Angiosperms) d. Pines (Pinophyta) 34. Which of the following groups is monophyletic based on the phylogeny shown below? a. Seedless plants b. Nonvascular plants c. Gymnosperms d. Mosses (Bryophyta) and club mosses (Lycophyta) Short-answer 1. Where does most of the mass in a piece of wood originate from, and what is the major biological process involved? (3 points). 2. Draw a phylogenetic tree showing evolutionary relationships among the following: a bacterium, a snake, a peach tree, a duck, an archaeon, Volvox (a green alga), a cat, and a fungus (8 points).

6. Draw a diagram showing how a nitrogen atom in an N 2 molecule in the air becomes incorporated in a protein in a wolf. Label key processes and reservoirs (6 points). 7. List three steps that people can take to counteract climate change (3 points). 8. Give an example of an ecological disturbance and explain how ecosystems may differ with respect to resilience and resistance (5 points).

9. List three major ways that climate change and increasing carbon dioxide concentrations affect organisms or ecosystems (3 points). 10. What two scientists were responsible for first proposing the theory of evolution by natural selection? In 1-2 sentences, explain how natural selection occurs (4 points). Some potentially useful information:

Formulas: N/M=n/m dN/dt=rN dN/dt=rN((K-N)/K) p 2 +2pq+p 2