Hort 2120 Second Hour Exam 2022 with Keys

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1 Hort 2120 – Introduction to Turfgrass Culture Oct. 28th, 2022 Second Hour Exam Keys PART I. Question 1 to 50 and one point each A. True or False Questions (Question 1 to 28) 1. It is not recommended to apply more than one pound of nitrogen per thousand square feet for each application of fertilizer to turf. True 2. Removing clippings is highly recommended for golf course putting green. True 3. A heavy fall season fertilizer application to bermudagrass turf will cause more spring dead spot diseases. True 4. IBDU is a quick release fertilizer. False 5. Fertigation is an effective fertilization method for turfgrasses. True 6. Milorganite is an inorganic fertilizer. False 7. The lower the mowing height, the shallower the roots. True 8. A reel mower is suitable for mowing turf with mowing heights greater than an inch. False 9. Later afternoon mowing is highly recommended due to the higher turfgrass leaf turgor pressure in afternoons to be cut easily. False 10. Annual bluegrass is a summer annual weed in our area. False 11. The natural rainfalls in our area are more than what a putting green turf needs. False 12. It is a great idea to set up every two weeks of irrigation schedules for golf courses. False 13. Nitrate is the main nitrogen form of leaching losses from sandy soils. True 14. A bag of fertilizer labeled as 30-15-15 indicates the percentage of dry weights of N, P, and K. False 15. Drop spreaders distribute fertilizers more uniformly than rotary spreaders. True 16. Syringing is watering heavily to hot spots of a turf during hot summer days. False 17. All pesticides must be registered by USDA before they become available. False 18. Broadleaf plantain is a summer annual weed. False 19. Turfgrass leaf width becomes narrower if the mowing heights are lowered. True 20. The best mowing quality obtained with a sharpened, well-adjusted rotary mower. False 21. Soil texture and structure have a major influence on soil water infiltration and percolation rates. True 22. The lower the LD 50 value, the more toxic the pesticide. True 23. Poa annua is a very bad weed as well as a turfgrass. True 24. Dollar spot should always be treated first regardless of other turf diseases. False 25. Pythium blight has regular circular patches as typical symptoms found on turf. False 26. Every putting green at Walker Golf Course has a moisture sensor. False 27. The majority of irrigation water expenses at Walker Golf course is the electricity bill. True 28. Dollar spot is a turfgrass root disease. False. B. Question 29 to 50 Multiple-Choice Questions 29. Which of the following fertilizers is an organic fertilizer? Potassium nitrate Calcium nitrate

2 Ammonium sulfate Ammonium nitrate Urea 30. Which of the following fertilizer is a quick release fertilizer? Urea Sulfur-coated urea IBDU Milorganite Polymer coated urea 31. A 50-pound bag of 17-17-17 fertilize contains pounds of nitrogen? 8.5 7.5 14 9.5 10.5 32. Based on the following five fertilizer analyses, which one is an incomplete fertilizer? 19-19-19 18-4-16 18-0-12 10-24-10 12-3-14 33. Which plant nutrition is absorbed as an anion by plants? Mo Mn Cl Ni Cu 34. The other part of a reel mower to cut a turfgrass is . all of these answers listed roller next reel blade groomer bed-knife 35. It is October now, the mowing height of bermudagrass in our area should be ? raised reduced kept the same with reduced mowing frequency kept the same with increased mowing frequency all of the answers listed 36. Chemical mowing means to . apply plant growth regulator to a turf apply fertilizer to a turf apply herbicide to a turf apply sand as topdressing to a turf

3 none of these listed answers 37. The highly recommended mowing frequency for fairways is ? Once a day Once every other day Two times a week Once a week Three times a week 38. The advantages of walk-behind mowing of sports fields than a ride-mowing is to? reduce soil compaction effectively remove dews generate attractive mowing patterns benefit turfgrass growth none of the answers listed 39. Which one is not a recommended water management strategy for golf courses?? Practice hand watering Use wetting agents Keep turf dry Set irrigation schedules every two weeks None of the answers listed 40. Most turfgrass diseases are caused by? Bacteria Fungi Insects Spiders None of the answers listed 41. The main factor influencing water use by turfgrass species or cultivars is Root system Leaf morphology Ecological adaptation Management/Cultural practices All the answers listed 42. Bermudagrass develops deeper roots during hot summer days indicating the drought resistance mechanism? escape tolerance avoidance adjustment all of the answers listed 43. Annual bluegrass as a weed species produces seed earlier to finish its life cycle indicating the drought mechanism? escape tolerance avoidance adjustment all of the answers listed 44. Turf water use efficiency can be improved by .

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4 building on-site weather station or with accesses to local weather information using weather radar to track and predict rainfalls having more zone controls testing the irrigation head performance all of these answers listed 45. Soil repellency (hydrophobic soils; also called localized dry spot) is caused by too many sand particles in the soil too much organic coating on soil particles too many clay particles in the soil too many silt particles in the soil none of the answers listed 46. The best time during a day to irrigate turf is. early morning early afternoon late morning late afternoon early evening 47. Which weed is easily being controlled by a 2,4-D herbicide? goosegrass crabgrass dallisgrass dandelion annual bluegrass 48. For turfgrass weed management, which group of weeds is relatively easy to control? perennial grassy weeds perennial broadleaf weeds annual grassy weeds annual broadleaf weeds biannual broadleaf weeds 49. Which of the following turfgrass diseases requires night temperature above 65 o F and relative humidity above 80%? Dollar spot Anthracnose Pythium blight Spring dead spot Snow mold PART II. Essay Questions 1. Discuss the best water management plans for a new soccer field of bermudagrass with winter overseeding of perennial ryegrass in our area (10 points)?

5 a. With clear irrigation zones checked and every irrigation head is at its full function b. Keep record of the daily, weekly, seasonal, and annual water uses with local precipitation reports (the last 10 years) c. Have the water tested to have clear water quality analysis d. Develop a trouble-shooting procedure for irrigation problems e. With assigned technician or crew member responsible for the irrigation f. Develop a detailed daily irrigation plan during the overseeded ryegrass germination period (about a week) g. Refer any neighbor soccer fields for their successful programs 2. Discuss the strategy of “spoon - feeding” and major types of turf fertilizers available for a warm-season golf course fairway, as well as the annual nitrogen application rates (10 points). Turfgrass quality is not targeting any yields although sometimes scientists do collect clipping yields, root mass, and other parts o f turfgrass for evaluations. “Spoon - feeding” strategy has two major benefits to a turf: 1) It reduces the risk of over-application of fertilizers; 2) turfgrasses are ground cover plants with relatively shallow fibrous root systems and excellent canopy in receiving small amount of fertilizer at more frequency patterns than a greater dose at each application to sustain all the turf functions. In other words, a turf cannot take a large amount of fertilizer at a time, and it is not needed neither to sustain the turf quality. There are mainly two major types of turf fertilizers based on the release times: a) quick release such as ammonium nitrate (NH 4 NO 3 ), ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4), urea ((NH 2 ) 2 CO)so on; and b) slower release fertilizer (often organic except urea) such as sulfur coated urea, IBDU, UF, polymer coated urea, organic N fertilizers such as Milorganite. The slow release or controlled fertilizers have an advantage to save labors with less frequent applications and those are often solid fertilizers. An example of 16-4-8 fertilizer is an excellent fairway fertilizer with more than 50% slow-release nitrogen in it. Another rule of thumb is not applying more than one pound of N/1,000 ft 2 at one application with an annual rate between 2 to 6 pounds of nitrogen per thousand square feet. 3. Use your words to discuss turfgrass pesticide fate and the proper management to reduce environmental risks (10 points). Obviously, pesticides can be lost through many ways if a caution and proper training have not

6 been implemented. A hot and windy day will cause drifting and volatilizing losses of a pesticide. Over watering can cause runoff and leaching losses as well. So, in order to have the maximum absorption of the pesticide to the target plants and site, an early and calm morning or evening will be more ideal time to apply a pesticide which is often more difficult with employee time management. However, those difficulties should be overcome by sound management programs and positive motivation of employees and pesticide application technicians with more environmental protection trainings. (The chart included will be a big plus!) 4. Write between 80 -100 words to describe mowing practices and benefits to the turf (10 points) using a bermudagrass sports field as an example. Turf mowing is one of the most time consuming and expensive procedures to maintain a high-quality turf. For example, a bermudagrass sports field mowing requires a reel type mower and a trained operator to conduct the work at daily bases. Mowing a turf makes the turf more uniform in appearance and better playability as sports fields. Proper mowing will not weaken a turf rather enhance the turf quality with higher short density, surface smoothness, and even helping some weed control. Mowing height is obvious the most important parameter to consider for mowing practices in addition to the proper equipment and mowing frequency. Too high or too low will cause problems to the turf and its functions. Proper mowing height, adequate mowing equipment (mowers), and proper mowing frequency are the essential factors to practice mowing plus the post-mowing appearances. Mowing patterns can be creative with an entertaining purpose to audiences particularly for sports fields. New technology with advanced development of mowers and even robotic mowers and as well as GPS guidance of mowing equipment lighten the future of the turf industry. For a bermudagrass sports field, a reel mower is needed and the mowing frequency should be at least once every other day with a cutting height of 0.5 to 1.0 ” .(Over 100 words) 5. What are the major group of turf weeds and why perennial grassy weeds are most difficult to control for turf (10 points)? Perennial grassy weeds are more like

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7 most turfgrasses as perennial grasses and sometimes it is even impossible to apply any herbicides to remove different off-types of bermudagrasses from a desired bermudagrass turf as an example due to contamination or mutations. Cultural weed control remains the only choice for such perennial grassy weed control. Spot- treated using none-selective herbicide is another choice but it often generates a dead spot for the desired turf. 6. Provide some PGRs as chemical mowing and the principles behind those PGR applications. (Bonus question, 8 points). Primo and Cutless are two popular turf plant growth regulators (PGR). Primo is used for every turfgrass species and Cutless is mainly used for cool-season turfgrasses. The principles behind those PGR applications are 1) to save labor of frequent mowing practices. PGR are often plant growth inhibitors to reduce turf vertical growth and enhance tightness of turf and better stress resistances. 2) PGRs mainly target plant hormones to reduce the growth. Primo and Cutless mainly inhibit GA (gibberellins) production, which is a major plant hormone responsible to cell division and elongation.

Hort 2120 Second Hour Exam 2022 with Keys

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