KINE 4353 Module 6 Bioterrorism Video Outline and Reaction

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April 18, 2024 MODULE 6- BIOTERRORISM VIDEO OUTLINE AND REACTION 1.OVERVIEW OF THE HISTORY BIOTERRORISM Is the act of terrorism in the form of viruses, bacteria and other germs A. Bioterrorism Attacks i. The effects are immediate from the chemical and/or radiation requiring a quick response. ii. Effects can go unnoticed for hours and even days before realizing anything. B. Bioterrorism Diseases i. Categorized in categories “A-C.” 1. Category A: smallpox, anthrax, botulism, plague, tularemia, and viral hemorrhagic fevers ( these diseases would cause the most illness and death. Can be spread through water, air, and food supplies) a. Plague and smallpox used in the past as weapons of mankind. b. Anthrax intentionally used most recently causing countless deaths and spreading panic. C. Government i. The U.S. Government has taken crucial methods to implement preparedness and response plans WHAT IS BIOTERRORISM? - Bioterrorism is a form of terrorism that involves the use of viruses, bacteria, and other germs (Gann, 2019).

HOW HAS BIOTERRORISM BEEN USED THROUGHOUT HISTORY? -In early history, bioterrorism involved the use of plagues and smallpox as weapons for mankind. In more recent events anthrax was used intentionally to spread panic and cause numerous deaths (Gann, 2019). 2.ANTHRAX A. Research Programs i. By the early 1930s development of nationally funded research programs studying biological warfare began ii. In the Japanese culture a program consisting of human trials using disease causing agents such as Anthrax iii. In response to Japan’s bioresearch, others began research in fear the Japanese would have an advantage in military bioresearch iv. 1942 the British in Scotland discover anthrax can be dispersed through explosive devices and survive for decades through biowarfare research conclusions v. 1943 The US joins the biowarfare research movement in Fort Dietrich vi. 1969 The United States President Nixon rejects the use of biological weapons in the WHAT IS ANTHRAX? -an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Bacillus anthracis , most commonly occurs in soil affecting humans and animals (2020). What are the types of Anthrax and what body systems do the affect? -Cutaneous Anthrax: most common form. Anthrax enters the skin, typically through an open wound such as a cut or scrape by coming in contact with a surface or animal infected with anthrax. Affects the tissue and skin around the infection site (2020). 2

-Inhalation Anthrax: most deadly form. Affects the lymph nodes and chest before spreading to the rest of the body (2020). -Gastrointestinal anthrax: rarely reported in the US. Affect the throat, esophagus, stomach and intestines (2020). -Injection Anthrax: Never reported in US. Affects skin and muscle surrounding injection site (2020). Who is at risk for exposure to Anthrax? -Laboratory technicians and professionals, handlers of animal products, handlers of mail, military personnel, travelers, and response workers (2020). What are the symptoms of Anthrax? -Based on the type of anthrax infection symptoms can vary. However common symptoms include blisters, skin sores, chills, cough, fever, body aches, sweats, pain when swallowing, stomach pain, swelling at site, and redness in the face or eyes (2020). What is the threat of exposure to Anthrax in the United States? -Due to its undetectable nature such as no smell or distinct scent or taste, it could easily be released into the air to expose people to (2020). How is exposure to Anthrax prevented? 3

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- Vaccination is available to at risk-groups such as laboratory workers and military personnel. When traveling to an area where Anthrax is common avoid raw meat, handling animal products and contact with the livestock (2020). What treatment is available for Anthrax? - Antitoxins and antibiotics are available for treatment (2020) How can you be prepared for exposure to Anthrax? Exposure can easily go undetected. However preventative measures can implement which includes avoiding raw meats, handling animal products and contact with livestock. Antibiotics and antitoxins are available for suspected exposure (2020). 3. PLAGUE A. Flea infested rats contributed to the spread of the outbreak B. Japan’s mission was to use biological warfare as form of attack, including the use of plagues C. Using bombs of flea infested rats over China, Japan spread the plague D. The US research surrounding the plague but never engaged it as a weapon fully What is plague? - Disease caused by yersinia pestsis bacterium located in rodents and their fleas (2018). How is plague transmitted? 4

- The bacterium particles can be inhaled (2018). What are the signs and symptoms of plague? - Weakness, shortness of breath, fever, cough, chest pain, pneumonia that develops quickly, and bloody or watery sputum (2018). What is the threat of exposure to plague in the United States? - Average of five to fifteen cases per year, the bacterium agent can be found in nature and several biological supply houses (2018). How is exposure to plague prevented? - Avoid close contact with others, use tight fitting disposable masks, if faced with exposure risk to a infected person seek antibiotic treatment (2018) How is plague diagnosed? - Testing of the patients’ blood, sputum or lymph node aspirate (2018) What treatment is available for plague? -antibiotics (2018) How can you be prepared for exposure to plague? 5

- Remain a safe distance when socializing with others and wearing tight fitting surgical masks (2018). 4.SMALLPOX A. Used as a weapon prior to the creation of vaccine B. During the French and Indian War, British gave blankets contaminated with smallpox to the Indians C. 1970s smallpox is eradicated What is smallpox? - Infectious disease cause by the variola virus (2017). How is smallpox transmitted? - Prior to its eradication, it was spread by direct and prolonged face-to- face contact between people (2017). What are the signs and symptoms of smallpox? The disease process occurs in stages with signs and symptoms varying at each stage. Fever, vomiting, body aches, red spots on tongue and mouth, sores that progress to pustules which scab then the scab falls off (2017). What is the threat of exposure to small in the United States? 6

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- A confirmed case would be a state of emergency. Concerns include the smallpox being made into a weapon and fall into terrorists’ hands (2017). How is exposure to smallpox prevented? - Through means of smallpox vaccinations, and antiviral medications created specifically for treatment of smallpox (2017). How is smallpox diagnosed? - Diagnosis is based on the patient’s signs and symptoms during evaluation (2017). What treatment is available for smallpox? - Antiviral drugs used to treat smallpox (2017). How can you be prepared for exposure to smallpox? By receiving the proper vaccination aimed at preventing acquiring the infectious disease (2017). 5.BOTULISM A. Noted at the most lethal substance B. 1910 used against Mexican federales C. Germans during World War II developed botulinum toxin as a weapon against invasions 7

D. Iraq produced 19,000 liters of botulinum toxins which were then loaded into bombs for Sudan to use E. Due to the limited range and instability botulinum toxins are not ideal for open- air biological warfare F. Terrorists can use botulinum toxins in enclosed spaces and contaminate food supplies What is botulism? - Rare disease caused by toxin that attacks the nerves in the body (2022). How is botulism transmitted? - Botulism is commonly transmitted through ingestion and open wounds (2022). What are the signs and symptoms of botulism? - Double vision, slurring of speech, muscle weakness, eyelids drooping, vomiting and constipation (2022). What is the threat of exposure to botulism in the United States? The threat is substantial, as groups have unsuccessfully attempted attacks with the botulinum toxins (2022). How is exposure to botulism prevented? - Foodborne botulism can be avoided by preserved or fermented foods, and canned goods from home. Latrogenic botulism can be prevented by 8

limiting the amount of toxin injected. Wound botulism can be prevented by keeping wounds clean and treated properly (2022). How is botulism diagnosed? -through brain scans, nerve and muscle function tests, examination of spinal fluid, and myasthenia gravis tests (2022). What treatment is available for botulism? - A drug known as an antitoxin is used to treat botulism (2022). How can you be prepared for exposure to botulism? Regularly stay informed, regularly review the CDC website for any updates for potential outbreaks and where to seek help (2022). 6. VIRAL HEMORRHAGIC FEVERS A. Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers include Ebola, Lassa Fever, Yellow Fever, and Marbug B. Symptoms can range from mild colds to severe illnesses and fatal results i. Internal and external bleeding is possible C. Viral fever viruses do not typically occur naturally within the United States i. Travel can lead to outbreaks which can enter the United States D. Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers have been around for awhile i. Ebola is believed to been the reason for death during the war in Ancient Greece E. Ebola is noted to have several outbreaks among varying parts of Africa F. Marbug, which is closely related to Ebola has been developed as a weapon G. Any terrorist attack utilizing one of the viral hemorrhagic fevers will ultimately lead to mass severe illnesses with fatal results 9

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What is Ebola? - A group of deadly diseases caused by the four ebolaviruses (2023). How is Ebola transmitted? - Through contact with an infected animal, which then spreads from person to person (2023). What are the signs and symptoms of Ebola? - Aches, weakness, fever, fatigue, sore throat, and loss of appetite (2023) What is the threat of exposure to Ebola in the United States? -there is currently no known threat, however exposure is still likely by someone who works in the healthcare field exposed by treating an individual with Ebola leading to a possible outbreak (2023). How is exposure to Ebola prevented? - When traveling, avoid bats, non-human primates, raw meat and bodily fluids including blood (2023). How is Ebola diagnosed? -polymerase chain reaction is the diagnostic method of choice (2023). 10

What treatment is available for Ebola? Therapeutic methods include dugs inmazeb and ebanga (2023). How can you be prepared for exposure to Ebola? Don ppe (personal protective equipment), avoid areas with known outbreaks, practice effective hand hygiene, and avoid bush meat (2023). 11

Reference Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017, July 12). Smallpox . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/index.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018, April 4). CDC Plague . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://emergency.cdc.gov/agent/plague/faq.asp Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020, November 20). Anthrax . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/anthrax/index.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022, June 8). Botulism . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/botulism/index.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023, September 21). Ebola (ebola virus disease) . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/index.html Gann, M. (May 15, 2019). Anthrax. [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=G8CWHqPJVLU&t=34s Gann, M. (May 15, 2019). Botulism. [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=Uri68UOeOto Gann, M. (May 15, 2019). Overview of the History of Bioterrorism. [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ROquERrZlLA&t=100s Gann, M. (May 15, 2019). Plague. [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=qmC3DRHsI5M&t=234s 12

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Gann, M. (May 15, 2019) Smallpox. [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=JLUwWawpb-c Gann, M. (May 15, 2019). Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers. [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3kt2DWpD9ak 13

KINE 4353 Module 6 Bioterrorism Video Outline and Reaction

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