MI EOC Rev 23

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Jun 3, 2024

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Name: ___________________________ MI Review, 2023 rev 1.1.1 THE MYSTERY INFECTION 1. Define Medical Intervention: a treatment, procedure, or other action taken to prevent or treat disease, or improve health in other ways . 2. Ms. Demark is not feeling well. She tests negative for COVID, Flu, and several other common pathogens. Her physician sends her for testing that will require cycle sequencing. What are the 4 basic steps involved with cycle sequencing that will help identify the pathogen? (1.1.3) 1. Isolate pathogen 2.PCR 3. PCR with Fluorescent Nucleotides 4. DNA sequencing 3. Her tests reveal that she has an E-value of 34x10⁻³⁵ for Lyme Disease and Max Identity came back as 98% for Lyme Disease. What does this mean? The smaller the evalue the more likely the pathogen is correct. The higher the max ident % the more likely the pathogen is correct. 4. Using the below DNA sequencing results and key, which sequence is correct: T=red A=green C=blue G=black a. CGACGGGCGCG b. CGTACCCGCGC c. ATGACCCGTCAA d. TACTGGGCAGTT 5. How can DNA sequences be used to identify disease pathogens? Put sequence into database of bioinformatics 6. When performing normal PCR, what ingredients must be included in the PCR tube? Primer, nucleotides, taq polymerase 7. What is the difference between “normal” PCR and cycle sequencing PCR? In cycle sequencing there are also fluorescent nucleotides 8. By adding 1ml of Agent X to 99ml H20. I made a 1% stock solution. If I take this solution and do the following dilutions, what will the final concentration be: Dilution 1 Dilution 2 Dilution 3 Final Concentration of X 1/100 1/100 1/100 1/100,000,000

9. ELISA Explain the photos above by describing the following; what is this test, how does it work, which patient is postive and which is negative, where is there a mistake in this test, what are wells 1-12 used for, what is in wells 13-24. 1-12 is a means of comparison for quantity of antigen 13-15 is + control 16-18 is - control 19-21 - patient 1 who is positive 22-24 - patient 2 who is negative The negative control is contaminated which in a laboratory situation would render these results as inaccurate. 10.The above test not only shows qualitative results, but also quantitative. What does this mean and why is it important? Wells 1-12 are used to compare the concentration of antigen in the patient who tests positive 1.2.1 ANTIBIOTIC TREATMENT 11.Identify the various parts of the bacteria. a. Add ribosomes to the bacterial cell. Dots all over the cell. b. Draw in the membrane and highlight the cell wall. c. What is surrounding the cell wall? capsule d. What is the major difference between a gram + and gram - bacteria? Draw and explain your answer. Gram + has only 1 cell membrane and a thick cell wall. Gram - has membrane, thinner wall and another membrane.

12.Using the below diagram, demonstrate and describe how the following antibiotics work on killing bacteria. a. Penicillins attack peptidoglycans of cell wall b. Tetracyclines attack ability to make proteins c. Fluoroquinolones Stops DNA replication d. Sulfanamides prevents folate production needed for reproduction 13.If I had a simple Gram + bacterial infection, why might I choose penicillin to treat it? Gram + have a thick cell wall which penicillins attack the peptidoglycans of the cell wall. It makes them unable to balance water. 1.2.2 14.What is the difference between antibiotic resistance and antibiotic sensitivity ? a. Which one is a huge health issue? Antibiotic resistance refers the bacteria's ability to resist the antibiotic. Antibiotic sensitivity means that the bacteria is affected by the antibiotic. 15.Describe the below Kirby Bauer Method test. a. Add arrows to the most effective antibiotics. b. Demonstrate the zone of inhibition. 16.Using the chart below, which antibiotic would be considered broad spectrum? Chloramphenicol 17.Which antibiotic best demonstrates the issue with antibiotic resistance? Penicillin Zone of Inhibition in (mm) Antibiotic (code) 24hr, E coli 72 hr, E coli 24hr B cereus 72 hr, B cereus

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Penicillin (P10) 0mm 0mm 0mm 0mm Streptomycin (S10) 5mm 25mm 20mm 20mm Tetracycline (TE30) 25mm 14mm 20mm 16mm Gentamicin (GEN10) 7mm 23mm 15mm 23mm Ampicillin (AMP10) 30mm 30mm 5mm 0mm Chloramphenicol (c30) 25mm 26mm 30mm 35mm 1.2.3 Attack of the Superbug 18.Explain the 3 mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. a. Mutation a random change in DNA of bacteria that allows resistance to antibiotics b. Efflux a pump that pumps out antibiotics and never allows high concentrations c. Inactivation/destruction an enzyme that deactivates the antibiotic 19.What 3 methods do bacteria use to share antibiotic resistant genes? Provide a brief description of each. Conjugation - one bacteria shares antibiotic resistant gene from plasmid by copying plasmid and sharing it through a pilus. Transduction - a virus moves a gene from one bacteria to another. Transformation - bacteria takes in DNA piece from environment and incorporates it as part of its own genome. 20.Explain in detail how we created an antibiotic resistant bacteria. Include the difference between E coli I and E coli II and how we know which strain shared their antibiotic resistance gene. Ecoli I was streptomycin resistant due to a gene in its nucleoid region. E coli II had an ampicillin resistance gene in its plasmid. The goal was to create a bacteria that was resistant to both antibiotics. This was done when we plated E coli I and II together and conjugation occurred. E coli I received a copy of E coli II's plasmid. This made E coli I resistant to both ampicillin and streptomycin. 1.2.4 21.What human activities contribute to antibiotic resistance? Use of Antibiotics in farming, overuse of antibiotics in medicine, not taking entire prescription.

22.What is another name for “antimicrobial”? antibiotic 1.3.1 HEARING LOSS 23.How are frequency and amplitude measured? (in what units) frequency is measure in hertz and measures pitch while amplitude is measure in decibels and measures loudness. 24.What is the difference between frequency and amplitude? Me personally I don’t think that there is a difference 25.Identify the parts of the ear. Pinna, 2. Auditory canal 3. Tympanic membrane (ear drum), 4. 5. Oval window, 6. Eustachian tube, 7. Cochlea with hair cells. 8 Auditory nerve 9 semicircular canals 11-13 stapes, incus, malleus 26.What part of the ear is considered conductive hearing? 15 and 16 outer and middle ear 27.What part of the ear is considered sensorineural? 17 28.What part of the ear contains hair cells that die off with loud noises? cochlea

29.Is this audiogram representative of conductive or sensorineural hearing loss? How do you know? X and O represent conductive hearing loss <> represent sensorineural. This is an example of Air conductive hearing loss 30.What are the bioethical concerns related to the use of cochlear implant technology? Even with an implant, a person is still deaf and should be in touch with deaf culture. 1.4.1 VACCINATION 31.What is the difference between innate/nonspecific immune response and a specific immune response? Innate immunity is a generic response to a perceived attack. It involves mucous membranes, stomach acids and general wbc called macrophages that attack anything. Specific means that an antibody is created specific to the antigen. 32.Provide examples of a 1st line nonspecific response. mucus , skin, acids in stomach 33.Provide examples of a 2nd line inflammatory response. Inflammation, wbc such as macrophages and neutrophils 34.The goal of a vaccine is to make sure a person is never infected by a pathogen. Why is this statement incorrect? 35.What is the physiological goal of a vaccine? (What cells do we want to be created) 36.Are antibodies specific or nonspecific? 37.In the space below, draw the flowchart of the immune response to a vaccine. 38.Provide a brief description of the following types of vaccines: a. Similar Pathogen b. Killed Vaccine c. Attenuated (Live) d. mRNA vaccine 39.Provide a description of a recombinant DNA vaccine.

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40.What are the molecular tools used to assemble recombinant DNA? 41.How can recombinant DNA and bacterial cells be used to produce vaccines? 42.How can engineered plasmids be inserted into bacterial cells? 43. What is epidemiology? 44.It was a normal Tuesday afternoon at Davies Middle School until one by one, students began vomiting. When asked what they ate at the school lunch, the health department found the following pieces of data. Using the attack rate formula and some thought, what item do you think may be tainted at Davies Middle School? Food # of Sick students who ate item # of Well students who ate item Total who ate item Attack Rate Pizza 5 45 50 Turkey Sam with Mayo 25 10 35 Deviled Eggs 29 6 35 Chicken Nuggies 14 24 38 Ice Cream 45 65 110 45.Ms. Demark wants to study the success rate of students from Biomedical Science. Every year for 10 years, she sends out a survey of her students to see where they are, are they happy, are they in biomedical science, have they completed a degree program and if the student considers themselves successful. What type of study is this, Cohort or Case/Control? 46.A group of researchers theorize that poverty increases a persons’ chances of being obese. The researchers go to a local health clinic and give a survey to all patients who are struggling with obesity. They get another group of patients who are not struggling with obesity. They ask them questions about their living conditions and economic conditions from their childhood. What type of study is this? Terms from Unit 1:

Pathogen Antigen Antibody Bioinformatics Genome DNA polymerase Nucleotides Solute Solvent Epidemic Zone of inhibition Epidemiologist 2.1 GENETIC COUNSELING 47.Complete the following chart: Type of Genetic Disorder Description Example Single Gene Autosomal Recessive Single Gene Autosomal Dominant Single Gene Sex-Linked Multifactorial Chromosomal Mitochondrial 48.What is the Human Genome Project? 49.What are the three stages of PCR and what happens in each?

50.If a scientist has 2 samples of the same DNA segment and she performs 30 cycles of PCR with one sample and 60 cycles of PCR with the other sample, what will the only difference be in the results? 51.What are the following machines used for? a. Vortex b. Centrifuge c. Thermocycler d. Gel electrophoresis 52.What are SNPs? 53.Highlight or circle the SNP in the below segments of DNA. 54. Label the columns below that show the genotype of each person Use Restriction Enzyme HaeIII Nontaster: (t) Taster: (T) GGCGGGCACT GGCGGCCACT CCGCCCGTGA CCGCCGGTGA Strong taster - TT Weak taster - Tt Nontaster - tt Answer here: 55.Provide a brief description of the different types of maternal tests and screenings. Test Name Description Time Period hCG PAPP-P US (NT)

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CVS Amnio AFP DIA, Ue3 Cell Free fetal DNA US (anatomical ) 2.2 Our Genetic Future 56.Multiple Myeloma is cancer of the plasma produced in bone marrow. It is responsible for the death of 13,000 people yearly and has a 56% 5 year death rate (56% of patients die within 5 years). This disease is caused by a gene mutation in a gene called SAMSN1. The SAMSN1 gene is 8200bp and is responsible for stopping cell division. (this question also utilizes information from 3.1.3. 3.1.4) a. What vector would be most effective for gene therapy in this disorder? AND WHY? b. Where is the best place to inject this gene therapy? c. What type of gene do you think SAMSN1 is from its description? d. If placed in a DNA microarray, what color would it be? 57.A couple that are both carriers for cystic fibrosis want to have a baby. They know they are both carriers for the disease and do not want a child to suffer with this condition. What medical interventions would they need to go through to ensure that they get pregnant with a healthy child? 58.Define the following career terms (yes, I know we did not do this in class)

a. Reproductive endocrinologist b. Andrologist c. Embryologist 3.1 Detecting Cancer 59.Cancer is caused by mutations in genes. In a paragraph, explain the most basic definition of cancer. Include the cause and risk factors of cancer, genes that are involved and how/what metastasis is. In your explanation, include the terms; cell cycle, cell division, proto-oncogene, oncogene, tumor suppressor gene, mutation, and metastasis. 60.In what ways are diagnostic imaging technologies used to diagnose and treat disorders? a. Radiographs b. MRI c. CT scan d. Bone Scan e. Ultrasound 61. What do DNA microarrays measure? 62.Explain gene expression. Include the following words; transcription, DNA, mRNA, nucleus, translation, ribosome, protein, amino acid 63.Complete the chart below Color Meaning Cause Yellow Black Red Green 64.Complete and interpret the following data set:

Gene Ratio Color ↑ Or ↓ regulation Gene Type TS or O HER2 16:1 BRCA 1:8 RAS 12:1 TP53 3:11 65.If I found out I have cancer, I would ask for a DNA Microarray followed by assessment using the Pearson Coefficient. Why could this be helpful in saving my life? 3.2 Reducing Your Risk 66.What are 3 controllable cancer risk factors? 3.3 Treating Cancer 67.What is chemotherapy? What type of cells are targeted? 68.How does radiation therapy work? 69.How is biofeedback therapy used to help patients improve their health or manage pain? 70.In what ways do artificial limbs allow patients who have suffered from the loss of a limb regain lost function? 71. How do advances in technology allow for the development of artificial limbs that look and move like actual human limbs? 72.How do physical and occupational therapists help patients with disabilities or patients recovering from surgery or injury?

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3.4 Building a Better Cancer Treatment 73.Why do some drugs affect individuals in different ways? 74.How can information in our genes affect how our bodies interact with certain medications? 75.How are clinical trials set up to ensure all data collected is valid and that all human subjects are treated ethically? 76.How might nanomedicine change the future of medicine? 4.1 Manufacturing Human Proteins 77.What role does insulin play in diabetes? 78.How has the diagnosis and treatment for diabetes changed in the last two hundred years? 79.How can bacterial plasmids be used to produce proteins such as insulin? 80.What is bacterial transformation ? 81.How can you gauge the success of a transformation experiment? 82.How does amino acid structure relate to the overall shape of a protein? 83.What is chromatography ? 84.How can chromatography be used to separate proteins? 85.How can electrophoresis be used to check the purity of a protein sample? 86.What is SDS-PAGE ? 87.How does protein electrophoresis differ from DNA electrophoresis? 88.What biomedical professionals are involved in all stages of producing and manufacturing a protein product? 89.How does a cover letter differ from a resume?

4.2 Organ Failure 90. What is End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)? 91. How is ESRD diagnosed? 92.What are the treatment options or medical interventions for patients with ESRD? 93.How does dialysis work? 4.3 Transplant 94.What (or who) decides who should receive a donated organ? 95.How are organ donors and recipients matched? 96.What general surgical techniques are necessary for a live donor kidney transplant? 97.What are the roles of the various members of the surgical transplant team? 98.How does a heart transplant compare to a kidney transplant? 4.4 Building a better body 99.What parts of the human body can be replaced? 100. What are the benefits and risks of using xenotransplantation and tissue engineering for replacement organs? 101. What are the ethical considerations for xenotransplantation and tissue engineering? 102. How can the human body be remodeled or enhanced to create a “superhuman"? 103. Who loves you? Ms Demark...always!

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MI EOC Rev 23

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