MI EOC Rev 23

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Jun 3, 2024

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Name: ___________________________ MI Review, 2023 rev 1.1.1 THE MYSTERY INFECTION 1. Define Medical Intervention: a treatment, procedure, or other action taken to prevent or treat disease, or improve health in other ways . 2. Ms. Demark is not feeling well. She tests negative for COVID, Flu, and several other common pathogens. Her physician sends her for testing that will require cycle sequencing. What are the 4 basic steps involved with cycle sequencing that will help identify the pathogen? (1.1.3) 1. Isolate pathogen 2.PCR 3. PCR with Fluorescent Nucleotides 4. DNA sequencing 3. Her tests reveal that she has an E-value of 34x10⁻³⁵ for Lyme Disease and Max Identity came back as 98% for Lyme Disease. What does this mean? The smaller the evalue the more likely the pathogen is correct. The higher the max ident % the more likely the pathogen is correct. 4. Using the below DNA sequencing results and key, which sequence is correct: T=red A=green C=blue G=black a. CGACGGGCGCG b. CGTACCCGCGC c. ATGACCCGTCAA d. TACTGGGCAGTT 5. How can DNA sequences be used to identify disease pathogens? Put sequence into database of bioinformatics 6. When performing normal PCR, what ingredients must be included in the PCR tube? Primer, nucleotides, taq polymerase 7. What is the difference between “normal” PCR and cycle sequencing PCR? In cycle sequencing there are also fluorescent nucleotides 8. By adding 1ml of Agent X to 99ml H20. I made a 1% stock solution. If I take this solution and do the following dilutions, what will the final concentration be: Dilution 1 Dilution 2 Dilution 3 Final Concentration of X 1/100 1/100 1/100 1/100,000,000

9. ELISA Explain the photos above by describing the following; what is this test, how does it work, which patient is postive and which is negative, where is there a mistake in this test, what are wells 1-12 used for, what is in wells 13-24. 1-12 is a means of comparison for quantity of antigen 13-15 is + control 16-18 is - control 19-21 - patient 1 who is positive 22-24 - patient 2 who is negative The negative control is contaminated which in a laboratory situation would render these results as inaccurate. 10.The above test not only shows qualitative results, but also quantitative. What does this mean and why is it important? Wells 1-12 are used to compare the concentration of antigen in the patient who tests positive 1.2.1 ANTIBIOTIC TREATMENT 11.Identify the various parts of the bacteria. a. Add ribosomes to the bacterial cell. Dots all over the cell. b. Draw in the membrane and highlight the cell wall. c. What is surrounding the cell wall? capsule d. What is the major difference between a gram + and gram - bacteria? Draw and explain your answer. Gram + has only 1 cell membrane and a thick cell wall. Gram - has membrane, thinner wall and another membrane.

12.Using the below diagram, demonstrate and describe how the following antibiotics work on killing bacteria. a. Penicillins attack peptidoglycans of cell wall b. Tetracyclines attack ability to make proteins c. Fluoroquinolones Stops DNA replication d. Sulfanamides prevents folate production needed for reproduction 13.If I had a simple Gram + bacterial infection, why might I choose penicillin to treat it? Gram + have a thick cell wall which penicillins attack the peptidoglycans of the cell wall. It makes them unable to balance water. 1.2.2 14.What is the difference between antibiotic resistance and antibiotic sensitivity ? a. Which one is a huge health issue? Antibiotic resistance refers the bacteria's ability to resist the antibiotic. Antibiotic sensitivity means that the bacteria is affected by the antibiotic. 15.Describe the below Kirby Bauer Method test. a. Add arrows to the most effective antibiotics. b. Demonstrate the zone of inhibition. 16.Using the chart below, which antibiotic would be considered broad spectrum? Chloramphenicol 17.Which antibiotic best demonstrates the issue with antibiotic resistance? Penicillin Zone of Inhibition in (mm) Antibiotic (code) 24hr, E coli 72 hr, E coli 24hr B cereus 72 hr, B cereus

Penicillin (P10) 0mm 0mm 0mm 0mm Streptomycin (S10) 5mm 25mm 20mm 20mm Tetracycline (TE30) 25mm 14mm 20mm 16mm Gentamicin (GEN10) 7mm 23mm 15mm 23mm Ampicillin (AMP10) 30mm 30mm 5mm 0mm Chloramphenicol (c30) 25mm 26mm 30mm 35mm 1.2.3 Attack of the Superbug 18.Explain the 3 mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. a. Mutation a random change in DNA of bacteria that allows resistance to antibiotics b. Efflux a pump that pumps out antibiotics and never allows high concentrations c. Inactivation/destruction an enzyme that deactivates the antibiotic 19.What 3 methods do bacteria use to share antibiotic resistant genes? Provide a brief description of each. Conjugation - one bacteria shares antibiotic resistant gene from plasmid by copying plasmid and sharing it through a pilus. Transduction - a virus moves a gene from one bacteria to another. Transformation - bacteria takes in DNA piece from environment and incorporates it as part of its own genome. 20.Explain in detail how we created an antibiotic resistant bacteria. Include the difference between E coli I and E coli II and how we know which strain shared their antibiotic resistance gene. Ecoli I was streptomycin resistant due to a gene in its nucleoid region. E coli II had an ampicillin resistance gene in its plasmid. The goal was to create a bacteria that was resistant to both antibiotics. This was done when we plated E coli I and II together and conjugation occurred. E coli I received a copy of E coli II's plasmid. This made E coli I resistant to both ampicillin and streptomycin. 1.2.4 21.What human activities contribute to antibiotic resistance? Use of Antibiotics in farming, overuse of antibiotics in medicine, not taking entire prescription.

22.What is another name for “antimicrobial”? antibiotic 1.3.1 HEARING LOSS 23.How are frequency and amplitude measured? (in what units) frequency is measure in hertz and measures pitch while amplitude is measure in decibels and measures loudness. 24.What is the difference between frequency and amplitude? Me personally I don’t think that there is a difference 25.Identify the parts of the ear. Pinna, 2. Auditory canal 3. Tympanic membrane (ear drum), 4. 5. Oval window, 6. Eustachian tube, 7. Cochlea with hair cells. 8 Auditory nerve 9 semicircular canals 11-13 stapes, incus, malleus 26.What part of the ear is considered conductive hearing? 15 and 16 outer and middle ear 27.What part of the ear is considered sensorineural? 17 28.What part of the ear contains hair cells that die off with loud noises? cochlea

29.Is this audiogram representative of conductive or sensorineural hearing loss? How do you know? X and O represent conductive hearing loss <> represent sensorineural. This is an example of Air conductive hearing loss 30.What are the bioethical concerns related to the use of cochlear implant technology? Even with an implant, a person is still deaf and should be in touch with deaf culture. 1.4.1 VACCINATION 31.What is the difference between innate/nonspecific immune response and a specific immune response? Innate immunity is a generic response to a perceived attack. It involves mucous membranes, stomach acids and general wbc called macrophages that attack anything. Specific means that an antibody is created specific to the antigen. 32.Provide examples of a 1st line nonspecific response. mucus , skin, acids in stomach 33.Provide examples of a 2nd line inflammatory response. Inflammation, wbc such as macrophages and neutrophils 34.The goal of a vaccine is to make sure a person is never infected by a pathogen. Why is this statement incorrect? 35.What is the physiological goal of a vaccine? (What cells do we want to be created) 36.Are antibodies specific or nonspecific? 37.In the space below, draw the flowchart of the immune response to a vaccine. 38.Provide a brief description of the following types of vaccines: a. Similar Pathogen b. Killed Vaccine c. Attenuated (Live) d. mRNA vaccine 39.Provide a description of a recombinant DNA vaccine.

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