50c977a9-7ed2-49dc-8d94-900f389fc2e5

pdf

School

Southern New Hampshire University *

*We aren’t endorsed by this school

Course

120

Subject

Biology

Date

Jun 4, 2024

Type

pdf

Pages

Uploaded by DukeNarwhal4220

Module 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3a0sm5 1. What is comparative genomics? How does its study contribute to our understanding of genetics? -identifying simi- larities and differ- ences in organi- zation and gene content among the genomes of differ- ent organisms. -such studies are important for studying the ge- netic relatedness of species and for identifying gen families 2. Intron frequency varies considerably among eukary- otes. Provide a general comparison of intron frequen- cies in yeast and humans. What about intron size? The entire yeast genome has only about 240 introns, whereas some single genes in human contain over 100 introns. In general, small- er genomes have smaller intron size in addition to lower intron number 3. Assume that one conducted a typical cloning exper- iment using pUC18, transformed an appropriate host bacterial strain (one carrying the lacZ complementing region), and plated the bacteria on an appropriate X-gal medium. Blue and white colonies appeared. Which of the two types of colonies, blue or white, would most likely contain the recombinant pUC18? the white colonies because of inser- tional inactivation of the lacZ compo- nent 4. The haploid human genome contains about 3x10^9 nucleotides. On average, how many DNA fragments would be produced if this DNA was digested with re- 4 base cutter= (¼)^4=1/256bp gets cut 1 / 50

Module 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3a0sm5 striction enzyme Pstl (a 6-base cutter)? Real (a 4 base cutter)? How often would an 8-base cutter cleave? (3x10^9)/256=11,718, cutes 6 base cutter= (1/6)^6=2.44e-4=1/500 gets cut (3E9/5000)=600,000 cuts 8 base cutter ([)^8=1e-5=1/100,000 gets cut (3e9/100000)=30,000 cuts 5. crossing over is often reduced around centromeric regions of chromosomes. If you were trying to con- struct a genetic map of two linked marker loci in this region, what result might you obtain and why? How would the genetic map correspond to the physical map? -genes mapped based on recombi- nation will appear to be very close together in cen- tromeric regions due to low rates of recombination. -distances be- tween the same genes on the physical map may be much greater when compared to other regions of the chromosome 6. What is the purpose of an antibiotic resistance gene in a plasmid cloning vector? to determine if the vector is present in host cell 7. two genes that evolved from the same common an- cestral gene, but are now found as homologs in dif- ferent organisms are called orthologs 2 / 50

Module 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3a0sm5 8. in the context of recombinant DNA technology, what is meant by the term vector? a vector is a vehi- cle to carry recom- binant DNA mol- ecules into the host where inde- pendent replica- tion can occur. -most common vectors are plas- mids, bacterio- phages, and cos- mids 9. Match each term with the best letter choice a. chromosome spread b. protein c. plasmid d. centromere e. multiple hosts f. Taq polymerase g. DNA quantification h. protein/DNA interaction i. lacZ j. foreign DNA k. mRNA l. Agrobacterium tumefaciens a. in situ hybridiza- tion b. expression vec- tor c. cloning vector d. YAC e. shuttle vector f. PCR g. real-time PCR h. ?DNA Chip?? i.Beta-galactosi- dase j. transgene k. cDNA library L: ? 10. What is a cDNA molecule -single-stranded DNA that is complementary to a certain sequence of messenger RNA. It is usually formed in a laboratory by the 3 / 50

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Module 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3a0sm5 action of the enzyme reverse transcriptase on a messenger RNA template. Complementary DNA is a popular tool for molecular hybridization or cloning studies -found only in ma- ture mRNA, so in- trons are removed 11. A gene construct that indicates when transcription occurs because the protein is easily identified (often GUS or GFP) reporter gene 12. What advantages does pUC18 have in terms of re- combinant DNA technology? List 3 such advantages 1. high copy num- ber 2. large number of RE sites (polylink- er in LacZgene) 3. Selection sys- tem (ampicillin gene) 4. Insert dis- crimination sys- tem (lacZ gene) 5. small size 13. Describe the relationship between introns (size and number) and organismic complexity in eukaryotes going from yeast to multicellular eu- karyotes, the pro- portion of genes with introns in- creases, the num- ber of introns 4 / 50

Module 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3a0sm5 per gene increas- es, and the sizes of the introns in- crease 14. For a physical map of a chromosome, distances are measure in units of -percent recombination -RFLPs -centiMorgans -base pairs -contigs ??? not centimor- gans? 15. The first commercial productions of what human en- zyme led to the explosion of the biotechnology indus- try insulin 16. Which of the following are the important proteins needed for cloning a eukaryotic gene into bacterial plasmid -DNA polymerase -restriction enzymes specific for the target genes -DNA ligase -both B and C both B and C (both restriction enzymes specif- ic for the target genes and DNA ligase) 17. The human genome contains approximately 20,000 protein-coding genes, yet has the capacity to pro- duce several hundred thousand gene products. What can account for the vast difference in gene number and product number? It is estimated that 40 to 60 percent of human genes pro- duce more than one protein by al- ternative splicing 18. The Human Genome Project, which got under way in 1990, is an international effort to construct a phys- ical map of the 3.3 billion base pairs in the human genome 19. PCR is 5 / 50

Module 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3a0sm5 a technique for amplifying DNA sequence in vitro 20. Which of the below are not steps in the production of genome sequence maps: -read the sequence of individual piece of the genome -isolate whole chromosomes -when sequences are obtained, assemble and orga- nize the sequences in order -identify molecular markers on specific chromo- somes -all of these are steps you would use isolate whole chromosomes 21. the set of all proteins encoded by the genome is called the proteome 22. Of the DNA sequences below, which would probably be the harder to determine? -CGATATATATATATATACGAT -GGCATCACGAGCTGCATTCGCA CGATATATATATATATAT ACGAT 23. Electrophoresis separates DNA fragments of differ- ent sizes, but this technique does not indicate which of the fragments contains the DNA piece of interest. This problem is solved by removing the bands from the gel and hybridiz- ing them with a known strand of DNA complemen- tary to the gene of interest 24. The PCR (polymerase chain reaction) protocol that is currently used in laboratories was facilitated by the discovery of a bacterium called Thermus aquati- cus in a hot spring inside Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. This organism contains a heat-stable form of DNA polymerase known as Taq polymerase, which continues to function even after it has been heated to 95 degrees C. Why would such a heat-stable poly- ????? Not "more than one" 6 / 50

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Module 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3a0sm5 merase be beneficial in PCR? -Each cycle includes a "hot" saturation phase (95oC), which allows the primers to anneal to the target DNA. -Each cycle includes a "hot" denaturation phase (95oC), which serves to sterilize the culture. -Each cycle includes a "hot" denaturation phase (95oC), which activates the Taq polymerase. -Each cycle includes a "hot" denaturation phase (95oC), which separates the hydrogen bonds that hold the strands of the template DNA together. -more than one of theses answers is correct 25. A typical prokaryotic genome has 1 million base pairs of DNA, containing 1000 genes 26. Nucleic acid blotting is widely used in recombinant DNA technology. In a Southern blot one generally hybridizes fil- ter-bound DNA with a DNA probe 27. A principal problem with inserting an unmodified mammalian gene into a bacterial plasmid, and then getting that gene expressed in bacteria, is that bacteria cannot remove eukaryotic introns 28. Mycoplasma are among the smallest and perhaps the simplest self-replicating prokaryotes known. M. gen- italium contains a genome of 0.58 Mb. Approximately how many genes does this bacterium contain? between 400 and 500 29. The difference between a genetic screening experi- ment and a selection experiment is that a screening experiment involves ________, whereas a selection visual examina- tion, eliminate 7 / 50

Module 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3a0sm5 experiment creates conditions that ________ irrele- vant organisms 30. Words such as did, mom, and pop have something in common with the fundamental tool of recombinant DNA technology. In the context of recombinant DNA technology, which term would be used to describe such words? palindromic 31. Compared with prokaryotic chromosomes, eukaryot- ic chromosomes are ???? -large, linear, less densely packed with pro- tein-coding genes, mainly organized in monocistronic units with introns 32. A bacterial polycistronic transcription unit is one that contains informa- tion for more than one protein prod- uct 33. Under ideal conditions, how many copies of all the se- quences of the host genome should be represented in a genomic library? why? -at least one should be rep- resented. Typical- ly, library con- struction includes a several-fold greater number of clones than nec- essary for one representative of each fragment in order to increase the likelihood of cloning difficult fragments and stochastic loss 8 / 50

Module 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3a0sm5 34. list the three basic components required for a bacter- ial cloning vector and briefly describe the purpose of each -origin of replica- tion for propaga- tion in the host -selectable mark- er like Amp resis- tance -polylinker or unique restriction enzyme sites to fa- cilitate cloning 35. Compare the transcriptome of an organism with the proteome. What is described by each? Which one will generally have more macromolecules, and why? Transcriptome has all RNA tran- scripts, coding and non cod- ing. Proteome only has the proteins that result from those transcripts. Some genes en- code non-coding RNAs that are not translated into proteins. 36. Nucleic acid blotting is commonly used in molecular biology. Tow types, southern blots and northern blots, involve gel electrophoresis and a filter, which holds the nucleic acid. Briefly describe the procedure of "blotting" in this context and differentiate between Southern and norther blots. -Southern: DNA to be "probed" is cut with a re- striction enzyme, then the frag- ments are sepa- rated by gel elec- trophoresis. Alka- li treatment of the gel denatures the DNA, which is 9 / 50

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Module 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3a0sm5 then "blotted" onto the filter (nylon or nitrocellulose). A labeled probe (RNA or DNA) is then hybridized to complementary fragments on the filter. Northern: RNA is separated in the gel and "probed" with the labeled DNA 37. Write the letter all of the following statements that are NOT sure. a. coding sequences for gene products can be isolat- ed from cDNA libraries b. antibodies are used for northern blot analysis c. VNTRs are highly conserved in human populations d. PCR amplification generates large numbers off lin- ear DNA fragments e. RNA molecules can be used as hybridization probes in Southern blot analysis b, c 38. This is the study of "genes in their entirety." genomics 39. In what way are specific DNA sequences of the tem- plate amplified in the polymerase chain reaction? In other words, how does one target the target? -oligonucleotide primers associate by hydrogen bonding to specific sections; primers are then extended 40. Name 2 methods that are used to produce mutations in a forward genetics approach UV light, EMS, nitrosogua- 10 / 50

Module 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3a0sm5 nadine, trans- posons 41. Assume that you have cut » DNA with the restriction enzyme HindIII. You separate the fragments on an agarose gel and stain the DNA with ethidium bromide. You notice that the intensity of the stain is less in the bands that have migrated closer to the "+" pole. Give an explanation for this finding. because the smaller fragments migrate toward the "+" pole, away from the origin, they bind less stain than the larg- er fragments near the origin 42. Restriction endonuclease are especially useful if they generate "sticky" ends. What make an end sticky? -??? -single-stranded complementary tails (not blunt ends) 43. It is common to use ddNTPs in which of the following biochemical reactions -citric acid cycle -DNA sequencing -restriction digestion -electron transport -plasmolysis DNA sequencing 44. A ddNTP, used often in DNA sequencing, lacks a _______ at the _______ and ________ carbons OH, 2', 3' 45. What is the function of dideoxynucleotides in Sanger DNA sequencing? -they stop synthe- sis at a specific site, so the base at that site can be determined 46. What do PCR, reverse transcription, and dideoxy DNA sequencing all have in common? 11 / 50

Module 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3a0sm5 -all produce DNA chains as a prod- uct 47. What is the purpose of a cDNA library to produce a li- brary of expressed genes 48. If a restriction enzyme cuts a circular DNA into three fragments, how many restriction sites are there in the DNA? three 49. A BLAST search is done to find similar gene or protein se- quences 50. Fluorescent Sanger dideoxy sequencing methods uses what method to discriminate between the 4 dif- ferent nucleotides? -different fluo- rochromes at- tached to the four different ddNTPS 51. Which of the following enzymes is used to make com- plementary DNA (cDNA) from RNA? reverse transcrip- tase 52. All fo the following are characteristics of the ge- nomics revolution EXCEPTS -large scalee acquisition of DNA sequences -Ability to conduct discovery-based research -enabled reverse genetics approach to genetics re- search -facilitated collaborative research networks -inability to understand single genes inability to un- derstand single genes 53. What are Northern analyses used for? Describe the steps involved in performing a Northern analysis, and describe how levels of gene expression are deter- mined. -northern blots are used to detect/com- pare/study RNA in a sample steps: 12 / 50

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Module 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3a0sm5 1. RNA is extract- ed from tissue 2. Gel elec- trophoresis sepa- rates RNA mol- ecules based on size 3. RNA is "blot- ted" (transferred) from the gel onto a membrane 4. RNA is fixed to the mem- brane and hy- bridized with a probe (probe is la- beled radioactive- ly or with enzymes for chemilumines- cence) 5. Visualization of RNA using X-ray film or phosphoim- ager screen -RNA levels can be determined and quantified by the darkness of the bands in the image 54. We have looked at the cloning experiments involved in producing Snuppy. Describe the specific technique that was used and how the results demonstrated that Snuppy was in fact a clone of the donor Afghan hound Micro satellite analysis was used to show that Snup- py was a clone. Micro satellite loci are highly variable loci that contain a 13 / 50

Module 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3a0sm5 large number of DNA repeats at the population lev- el. However, an in- dividual can only have 2 of these al- leles at any one micro satellite lo- cus. By compar- ing the alleles thet Snuppy had at 8 different micro satellite loci with those alleles tat the donor Afghan hound and the surrogate mother had, ti was shown that Snuppy had exactly all of the same alleles as the Afghan hound, proving that Snup- py was a clone of the donor Afghan 55. The lungfish Protopterus aethipicus has a genome 38 times larger than that of humans. Most of the DNA in this species is noncoding repetitive DNA. How could you create a library of clones that would let you comparee just the genes in the lungfish to the genes in the humans? -you could gen- erate cDNA li- braries and com- pare the tran- scribed regions of the genome 56. In the genetic map of the human genome, one map unit is approximately 850,000 bp. For the genome of the eukaryotic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, one map unit is approximately 3000 bp. What is a map unit, and why is it so different in these two different types of organisms? A map unit is the amount of mea- sured recombina- tion between two linked points in a genome. Be- 14 / 50

Module 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3a0sm5 cause one map unit in humans is many more base pairs than in yeast, the amount of ho- mologous recom- bination per DNA length must be lower in humans than in Saccha- romyces cerevisi- ae. 57. Intron frequency varies considerably among eukary- otes. Provide a general comparison of intron frequen- cies in yeast and humans. What about intron size? The entire yeast genome has only about 240 introns, whereas some single genes in humans contain over 100 introns. In general, small- er genomes have smaller intron size in addition to lower intron number. 58. Some restriction enzymes cleave DNA in such a man- ner as to produce blunt ends. Most often ligation of blunt end fragments is enhanced by the use of the enzyme terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase. Why? Terminal deoxynu- cleotidyl trans- ferase ex- tends sin- gle-stranded ends by the addition of nucleotide tails. If complementary tails are added, the fragments can hybridize and the recombinant mol- 15 / 50

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Module 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3a0sm5 ecules can be lig- ated. 59. What might be a reasonable function of restriction endonucleases in a bacterium, distinct from their use by molecular biologists? They protect the bacteria's DNA by being able to rec- ognize viral DNA and digesting it. Isolated from bac- teria, restriction endonucleases re- strict or prevent vi- ral infection by de- grading the invad- ing nucleic acid of the virus 60. What two factors contribute significantly to the wide ranges of genome size among eukaryotes? The presence of introns and repet- itive sequences is a major contrib- utor, as are the differences in the number of genes 61. In the polymerase chain reaction, what is the purpose of the initial high temperature? What is the purpose of cooling in the second step? The purpose of the heating is to denature the DNA molecule, creating two single strands of template DNA. It is cooled to al- low the primers to anneal to the strands. (denature the target (tem- plate) DNA, an- 16 / 50

Module 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3a0sm5 nealing the primer to the target) 62. The_________________ is an international effort to construct a physical map sequence of the 3.3 billion base pairs in the haploid human genome. human genome project 63. Typically, bacterial DNA contains_____ (more or less?) repetitive DNA than eukaryotic DNA. less 64. In general, the organization of genes in bacteria is different from that in eukaryotes. In E. coli, approxi- mately 27 percent of all genes are organized into con- tiguous, functionally related units containing multiple genes under coordinate control that are transcribed as a single unit. Such contiguous gene families are called operons 65. List two especially useful characteristics of cloning vectors. high copy number and antibiotic re- sistance gene(s) 66. What is a concise definition of proteomics? the process of defining the com- plete set of pro- teins encoded by a genome 67. The difference between a genetic screening experi- ment and a selection experiment is that a screening experiment involves ________, whereas a selection experiment creates conditions that ________ irrele- vant organisms. visual examina- tion, eliminate 68. A set of overlapping DNA fragments that form a con- tiguous stretch of DNA is called a contig 69. Plasmids are important in biotechnology because they are a vehicle for the in- sertion of foreign 17 / 50

Module 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3a0sm5 genes into bacte- ria 70. nucleic acid blotting is widely used in recombinant DNA technology. In a southern blot one generally hybridizes fil- ter-bound DNA with a DNA probe 71. What is meant by the term pseudogene? -nonfunctional versions of genes that resemble other gene sequences but that contain significant nucleotide substitutions, deletions and duplications that prevent their expression. Pseudogenes are designated by the prefix (psi) 72. Mario Capecchi, Sir Martin Evans, and Oliver Smithies recently won a Nobel Prize for gene tar- geting (gene knockouts) in mice. Describe the steps involved in creating a knockout mouse. Embryonic stem (ES) cells het- erozygous for a knockout muta- tion in a gene of interest (X)and homozygous for a marker gene (here, black coat color) are trans- planted into the blastocoel cavity of 4.5-day em- bryos that are ho- mozygous for an 18 / 50

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Module 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3a0sm5 alternate marker (here, white coat color). The ear- ly embryos then are implanted into a pseudopreg- nant female. Some of the result- ing progeny are chimeras, indicat- ed by their black and white coats. Chimeric mice then are back- crossed to white mice; black proge- ny from this mat- ing have ES-de- rived cells in their germ line. By iso- lating DNA from a small amount of tail tissue, it is possible to iden- tify black mice heterozygous for the knockout al- lele. Intercrossing of these black mice produces in- dividuals homozy- gous for the dis- rupted allele, that is, knockout mice. 73. Name and describe three different kinds of bacterial cloning vecotrs 1. plasmid: contain a multi-cloning site, origin of repli- cation, and a se- 19 / 50

Module 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3a0sm5 lectable marker; can carry about 20-25Kb of foreign DNA 2. phage: a virus containing the DNA of inter- est infects bacte- ria; is more ef- ficient than plas- mid transforma- tion and can carry about 25Kb of for- eign DNA 3. Cosmic: type of hybrid plas- mid that con- tains plasmid se- quences plus the COS sequences from phage for capsid packaging for phage trans- duction; cosmos form colonies, not plaques; can carry up to 45Kb of for- eign DNA 4. bacterial artifi- cial chromosome or BA: a vec- tor based on the bacterial F-plas- mid (fertility plas- mid), making its in- troduction in bac- teria more sta- ble than plas- mids; typical for- 20 / 50

Module 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3a0sm5 eign DNA insert size is in the hun- dreds of Kb 74. You determine that you have only three copies left of an important DNA fragment, so you decide to ampli- fy it. Using flanking primers, how many PCR cycles would you have to run to generate over one billion (109) copies of the fragment? Accept anywhere from 28-30 cycles as a correct an- swer or the follow- ing equation 3 x (2^n)= more than a billion 75. This term refers to the work undertaken by large teams of researchers who, through a concerted effort, clone and sequence the DNA of a particular organ- ism. genome project 76. What is the name of the process by which bacterial colonies (cells) are transferred from one agar plate to another, maintaining the same spatial pattern? replica plating 77. How are pseudogenes formed? Probably through point mutations, deletions, and du- plications-any se- quence that ren- ders the gene non- functional 78. A number of generalizations can be made about the organization of protein-coding genes in bacterial chromosomes. First, the gene density is very high, averaging about ________. one gene per kilo base pair of DNA 79. One major difference between prokaryotic and eu- karyotic genes is that eukaryotic genes can con- tain internal sequences, called ________, that get re- moved in the mature message. introns 80. 21 / 50

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Module 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3a0sm5 Clones can be of a cell, an organism, or a molecule. What characteristic do they all have in common? -all are derived from a single an- cestor 81. Most of the bacterial genomes described in the text have fewer than 10,000 genes 82. A section of a genome is cut with three enzymes: A, B, and C. Cutting with A and B yields a 10-kb fragment. Cutting with B and C yields a 2-kb fragment. What is the expected result from a digest with A and C, if the C site lies in between the A and B sites? an 8-Kb fragment 83. Some vectors such as pUC18 and others of the pUC series contain a large number of restriction enzyme sites clustered in one region. What term is given to this advantageous arrangement of restriction sites? multiple cloning site or polylinker 84. In the context of molecular genetics, reverse transla- tion refers to assembling a DNA sequence from an amino acid se- quences 85. What is the enzymatic function of restriction en- zymes? to cleave nucleic acids at specific sites 86. When two proteins show a 50 to 70 percent match in amino acid sequence, it is likely that the two proteins share a common ancestry. 87. There are different challenges that exist for sequenc- ing prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes. Which chal- lenge is correctly paired with the type of genome to which it relates? Prokaryotic: presence of plasmids Prokaryotic: repetitive DNA Eukaryotic: repeti- tive DNA 22 / 50

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Module 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3a0sm5 Eukaryotic: repetitive DNA Eukaryotic: ESTs Eukaryotic: circular DNA 88. Compared with eukaryotic chromosomes, bacterial chromosomes are small with high gene density 89. Present a general definition for a multigene super- family. Multigene super- families share DNA sequence homology, and their gene prod- ucts are function- ally related. They are often (but not always) found to- gether in a single location in a chro- mosome. They are believed to be derived from a common ancestral gene. 90. As a model system, what are three of the advantages of the mouse as a model system? Easy to grow • Short generation time • Produce abun- dant progeny • Readily mu- tagenized and crossed. Mice have simi- 23 / 50

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Module 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3a0sm5 lar body plans and stages of develop- ment as humans • Similar genome size and number of chromosomes to humans 91. Why are telomeres and centromeres particularly dif- ficult to sequence? They consist of highly repetitive DNA, and so strand slippage is- sues can confuse the determination of a consensus se- quence. 92. Assume that a given plasmid vector to be used in a cloning experiment contains 4000 base pairs of DNA. Assume also that the restriction endonuclease Cuj cuts this plasmid at the following sites (starting from an arbitrary zero point): 1000, 1500, and 3000. Given complete digestion of the plasmid with the endonu- clease so that only linear fragments are produced, what sizes of DNA are expected? 500, 1500, 2000 93. Mycoplasma geneitalium has a 580 kb genome. What is significant about the size of its genome? this organism rep- resents minimal genome size for parasitic organ- ism. 94. When propagating a clone in the lambda phage, would you have more immediate success if the phage entered the lysogenic or the lytic cycle? lytic cycle 95. Name 2 methods that are used to produce mutations in a forward genetics approach. UV light, trans- posons 24 / 50

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Module 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3a0sm5 96. What is the specific application of reverse transcrip- tase in the preparation of cDNA? synthesis of DNA to form an RNA-DNA duplex 97. Assume that a plasmid (circular) is 3200 base pairs in length and has restriction sites at the following locations: 400, 700, 1400, 2600. Give the expected sizes of the restriction fragments following complete digestion. 300, 700, 1000, 1200 98. What is bioinformatics a method that uses very large national and in- ternational data- bases to access and work with se- quence informa- tion 99. All of the following are characteristics of the ge- nomics revolution EXCEPT_____________ Large scale acquisition of DNA sequences Ability to conduct discovery-based research Enabled reverse genetics approach to genetics re- search Facilitated collaborative research networks Inability to understand single genes -inability to un- derstand single genes 100. A human gene with a disease phenotype is going to be mapped by positional cloning. Which would be the most useful for this task? Data about the in- heritance of SNP markers in fami- lies with the dis- ease 101. 25 / 50

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Module 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3a0sm5 Which of the below are not steps in the production of genome sequence maps: isolate whole chromosomes 102. Which technique would NOT be used to find a gene for a functional protein in a sequenced region of a genome? Scan the region for ORFs. See if an EST database contains sequences in the region. See if a SNP database contains sequences in the region. Scan the region for promoter sequences. Scan the region for intron splice sites. See if a SNP data- base contains se- quences in the re- gion 103. The discovery of PCR has revolutionized molecu- lar biology studies. However, there are limitations to PCR. Which of the following is a limitation? need to know DNA sequences 104. Over the years, sophisticated plasmid vectors have been developed for use in recombinant DNA tech- nology. Describe the useful features that have been introduced in these vectors. small size to allow large inserts high copy number large numbers of unique restriction sites (polylinkers) variety of selec- tion schemes (pig- mented colonies, antibiotic resis- tance) 105. isolation of DNA (foreign and plas- 26 / 50

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Module 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3a0sm5 Describe, in order, the steps usually followed in pro- ducing recombinant DNA molecules in a plasmid vec- tor. mid) digestion of DNAs with an appropri- ate restriction en- donuclease ligation of frag- ments transformation of host cells 106. What appears to be the range of number of pro- tein-coding genes per genome in eukaryotes? 5000 to about 4500 107. Present an overview of the gene organization in large-genome plants. What general level of gene den- sity do plant genomes normally exhibit? What is the composition of the non-gene portions of the DNA? Large-genome plants are characterized by very small islands of unique sequence DNA containing a gene or two separated from other islands by large blocks of DNA, usually in the form of repetitive sequences. 108. A linear DNA fragment is cut with a restriction en- zyme to yield two fragments. There is/are __ site(s) for this enzyme in this fragment. 1 109. A map of the order, overlap, and orientation of physi- cally isolated pieces of the genome. physical map 110. What term is used to refer to the process in which DNA can be introduced into host bacterial cells? transformation 27 / 50

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Module 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3a0sm5 111. Archaea (formerly known as archaebacteria) is one of the three major divisions of living organisms; the oth- er two are eubacteria and eukaryotes. Nanoarchaeum equitans is in the Archaea domain and has one of the smallest genomes known, about 0.5 Mb. How can an organism complete its life cycle with so little genetic material? Such organisms are usually par- asites or symbi- otic and extract many life-support- ing materials from their host. 112. You have cut DNA from source A with restriction enzyme #1 and you have cut DNA from source B with restriction enzyme #2. Both of these restriction en- zymes leave a 4 base single stranded overhang. You want to ligate these restricted fragments together. What must be true for this to be successful? These 4 base sin- gle stranded over- hangs must be complimentary for them to anneal and be sealed by DNA ligase 113. What is meant by the term low gene density? Give an example of an organism with low gene density. Low gene density is common in eu- karyotes in which there may be as few as one gene in 64 kb base pairs, as is the case with a segment of hu- man chromosome 22. 114. What is the purpose of the LacZ gene in a plasmid cloning vector? a selective agent to tell if recom- bination has oc- curred or not. If recombination has occurred then will be white, if not blue. 115. Explain why the greatest diversity of human SNPs is found among African people. Humans are thought to have first evolved in 28 / 50

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Module 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3a0sm5 Africa. This means that any dis- tinct population of humans (howev- er defined) arose from a subset of the African pop- ulation that be- came geograph- ically isolated. Thus, any SNPs in this population arose from precur- sors that were al- ready present in the African popu- lation, and anoth- er branch of those ancestral SNPs' descendents is likely still extant in the African pop- ulation. Basically, for any SNP "fam- ily" in a distinct human Population X, the African population proba- bly has a SNP family very similar to that one, plus several others with no clear analogue in Population X. 116. Briefly discuss general trends relating to DNA con- tent and gene number in major groups of organisms. How do eukaryotes and prokaryotes differ in regard to gene umber and organization? As a general rule, Eukaryotes con- tain more DNA in their genomes than bacteria 29 / 50

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Module 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3a0sm5 what can be said about the genomes of more com- plex eukaryotes vs. less complex eukaryotes? If two species are very closely related, what can be said about the relative sizes of their genomes? and exhibit a wide variation of DNA amount among different groups. Evolution- ary expansion has been accompa- nied by increased amounts of DNA, with more "com- plex" forms con- taining more DNA than less com- plex forms. Such change in DNA content is not uni- versally accompa- nied by increases in gene number. Some closely re- lated species may vary more than tenfold in their DNA content. 117. What is meant by the designation EcoRI? Do not simply state the type of macromolecule designated by EcoRI, but explain why it is so named. EcoRI stands for a restriction enzyme isolated from E. coli which di- gests the target DNA after identi- fying its recogni- tion sequence as G*AATTC up to 1000 base pairs away. 118. Name the two strategic methods that scientists are using to sequence genomes. 30 / 50

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Module 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3a0sm5 clone-by-clone method and shotgun cloning 119. One of the primary reasons for generating a large number of clones in a eukaryotic genomic library is that each vector can take up only a rel- atively small frac- tion of the eukary- otic DNA. 120. Explain why the genetic map distance between two genes on the same chromosome may be inconsistent with the physical map distance. E.g., for three loci A, B, and C, on the same chromosome, explain why the genetic distance might be A-[20 centimorgans]-B-[20 cM]-C, while the physical distance might be A-[200 kilobases]-B-[100 kb]-C. Different regions of the chromo- some will be more prone to recombi- nation than others. 121. A _______________ family is a group of evolutionarily related genes that arose through repeated evolution of an ancestral gene. multigene 122. Restriction endonucleases cut DNA at specif- ic sequences 123. Restriction endonucleases are typically used to clone genes. What factors determine the sites at which these endonucleases will cleave DNA? What charac- teristics do these sites tend to have? Each RE will cleave at a spe- cific sequence. These sequences tend to be short (4-8 bp), and tend to be palindromic (e.g., GAATTC). 124. What are three key differences between a genomic and a cDNA library? cDNA lib. repre- sents only tran- scribed regions of the genome; all genes equally 31 / 50

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Module 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3a0sm5 represented in ge- nomic library while cDNA library re- flects the level of expression of a gene in a particu- lar cell type or tis- sue ; cDNA library con- tained only se- quences found in the mature mRNA - introns are re- moved 125. Which of the following is an advantage of whole-genome shotgun sequencing compared to map-based sequencing? The shotgun ap- proach is highly automated. 126. Describe the organization of the ±-globin gene clus- ter in humans. Roughly how large is this cluster? How many genes are present? Briefly describe these genes. The ±- group spans more than 30 kb and contains three genes: zeta and two copies of the alpha gene. In ad- dition, two non- functional pseudo- genes are in the group. Most of the DNA in this re- gion consists of intergenic spacer DNA. 127. What is recombinant DNA technology? What are the safety issues related to recombinant DNA technolo- gy? Recombinant DNA technology refers to the creation of new 32 / 50

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Module 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3a0sm5 combinations of DNA molecules that are not normally found in nature. Safety issues generally center around the creation and release (accidental or intentional) of genetically engineered organisms that are a threat to human health or animals and plants in the environment. Many organisms that are "genetically engineered" carry genes for antibiotic resistance. 128. Closely related genes based on sequence and func- tion. homolog 129. Homologus genes of the same locus inherited from a common ancestor. ortholog 130. Genes related by gene duplication in the genome. paralog 131. Conservation of the same groups of genes in the chromosomes of 2 or more species. synteny 132. Molecular biologists rely on many, often sophisticat- ed, techniques to pursue their discipline. One may list Bacteriophage: relatively simple, 33 / 50

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Module 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3a0sm5 ultracentrifugation, electron microscopy, X-ray dif- fraction, electrophoresis, and computer interfacing as fundamental. Model organisms provide the raw materials for study. List four "organisms" (or organ- ismic groups) often used by molecular biologists and describe a major advantage of each group to the mol- ecular biologist. We might consider these as "model organisms" of the molecular biologist. short generation time. Bacteria: relatively simple, short generation time, simple growth requirements. Yeast: relatively simple for a eukaryote, short generation time, simple growth requirements. Drosophila: relatively simple to culture, extensive genetic and devel- opmental informa- tion available, "gi- ant" polytene (sali- vary gland) chro- mosomes. 133. The full-length (i.e., containing the entire protein-cod- ing region) cDNA for a specific eukaryotic gene in humans is 1500 nucleotides long. You screen a pig genomic library with this cDNA and isolate two ge- nomic clones of different lengths. Both clones are se- quenced and found to be 1900 and 2100 nucleotides long from start codon to stop codon. Screening of genomic libraries of several other organisms reveals that all of them contain only one genomic clone -- pigs seem to be the exception to the rule here. What evolutionary events might have led to the presence of two genomic clones in pigs, and the discrepancies in their length compared to the cDNA probe? How is this representative of a general type of occurrence in molecular genetic evolution? 50% credit: There was likely a dupli- cation of this gene in pigs. 25% credit: Af- ter duplication, the gene has di- verged. 25% credit: Alter- natively, humans may have lost one copy of this gene. However, this pos- 34 / 50

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Module 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3a0sm5 sibility should be ruled out by the fact that pigs seem to be unique in possessing two genomic copies. 25% credit: Evolu- tionary divergence tends to follow gene duplications, as mutations in one gene are no longer selected against as strong- ly (the presence of a "back up" copy of the gene means the individual will generally have at least one function- al copy of the gene product). 134. Describe the basic components for a typical plasmid cloning vector system and the reason/use for those plasmid vector components -multiple restric- tionists: cut the plasmid and for- eign DNA with the same enzymes dn insert a gene -origin of replica- tion: new recom- binant genes will be able to repli- cate and increase in number selectable mark- ers: detect recom- binant plasmids 35 / 50

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Module 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3a0sm5 (ex: lacZ gene produces B lac- tose but recombi- nant ones don't 135. The transcriptome of a genome contains more com- ponents than the proteome. Explain why this is true Transcriptome: all RNA molecules transcribed from a genome proteome: all pro- teins encoded by the genome -it takes 3 RNA codons to code for one protein, so it is natural to have more transcrip- tome than pro- teome 136. List four uses of PCR -cell free cloning -identification of restriction enzyme sites -screening for ge- netic disorders -diagnostic screening for infectious organisms -forensics -paleobiology 137. Compare the transcriptome of an organism with the proteome. What is described by each? -transcriptome: has all RNA transcripts, coding and non-coding -proteome only 36 / 50

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Module 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3a0sm5 has the proteins that result from those transcripts -some genes en- code non-coding RNA's that are not translated into proteins 138. Compare the fields of structural, functional, and com- parative genomics. What is the purpose of each? structural: organi- zation and se- quence of genome functional: what sequences or genes do comparative: com- pares similarities and differences in gene content, function, and or- ganization among genomes of differ- ent organisms 139. The haploid human genome contains about 3 × 109 nucleotides. On average, how many DNA fragments would be produced if this DNA was digested with re- striction enzyme PstI (a 6-base cutter)? RsaI (a 4-base cutter)? How often would an 8-base cutter cleave? 4 base cutter: (¼)^4 = 1/256 bp -gets cut (3e9)/256=11,718,750 6 base: (¼)^6=1/5000bp gets cut(3e9)/5000=6,000,0 8 base: (¼)^8=1/10,000bp gets cute (3e9)/10,000=30,000 37 / 50

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Module 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3a0sm5 140. Why re telomeres and centromeres particularly diffi- cult to sequence they consist of highly repetitive DNA, and so strand slippage is- sues can confuse the determination of a consensus se- quence 141. The full-length (i.e., containing the entire protein cod- ing region) cDNA for a specific eukaryotic gene in humans is 1500 nucleotides long. You screen a pig genomic library with this cDNA and isolate two ge- nomic clones of different lengths. Both clones are sequenced and found to be 1900 and 2100 nu- cleotides long from start codon to stop codon. How would you explain the presence of two genomic clones in pigs, and the discrepancies in their length compared to the cDNA probe? -likely a duplica- tion of this gene in pigs -also duplication the gene was di- verged -or humans lost one copy of the genes 142. In the genetic map of the human genome, one map unit is approximately 850,000 bp. For the genome of the eukaryotic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, one map unit is approxi- mately 3000 bp. What is a map unit, and why is it so different in these two different types of organisms? a map unit is the amount of mea- sured recombina- tion between two linked points in a genome be- cause one map unit in humans is many more bp than in yeast. The amount of ho- mologous recom- bination per DNA length must be lower in humans than in yeast. For 1% recombination occurs over 3,000 38 / 50

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Module 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3a0sm5 bp on average in yeast. 1% re- combination over 850,000 bp on av- erage in humans. So there is less recombination per unit length in hu- mans than in yeast 143. Cloning reactions are done with DNA that has been cloned by restriction digestion and not by PCR. Using what you know about the way PCR works, why would you not want to use DNA from PCR to create DNA for cloning? -normally in DNA replication, poly- merase makes er- rors one out of every 1010 nu- cleotides inserted -Taq polymerase used in PCR is less faithful be- cause it does not have a proofread- ing subunit -because PCR amplifies from pre- vious sequences if an error is made early on it will be proliferated in these sequence 144. Describe one major difference in the organization or content of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes -eukaryotic genomes contain repetitive DNA that is largely absent in prokaryotic genomes -genes are more densely spaced in 39 / 50

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Module 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3a0sm5 prokaryotes ver- sus eukaryotes -prokaryotic genomes typically encode fewer genes than eukaryotic genomes 145. What are three key differences between a genomic and a cDNA library -CDNA lib. rep- resent only tran- scribed regions on the genome -all genes equally represented in ge- nomic library while cDNA library re- flects the level of expression of a gene in a particu- lar cell type or tis- sue -cDNA library con- tained only se- quences found in the mature mRNA-introns are removed 146. Describe the standard PCR method (in sufficient de- tail) and how this process is able to produce clones in a "cell free" system -DNA sequences of target region must be known so that single strand- ed primers can flank it -template target DNA is mixed with these primers, Taq polymerase, free 40 / 50

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Module 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3a0sm5 nucleotides, Mg+ in an in-vitro sys- tem -temp raised to 95 degrees to dena- ture DNA -temp cooled to 35-60 degrees to allow singles stranded primers to anneal to their targets -temp raised to 68-72 degrees where Taq poly- merase function to replicate the re- gion 147. List at least three different kinds of bacterial cloning vectors. -plasmid -phage -cosmid -bacterial artificial chromosome or BAC 148. Explain why genetic and physical map distances may differ in relative distances between two genes on a chromosome. -both genetic and physical provide likely order of items along a chromosome -genetic map-indi- rect estimate of distance between two items-limited to ordering certain items -physical map-mark an 41 / 50

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Module 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3a0sm5 estimate of the true distance, in measurements called base pairs, between items of interest 149. Another word for a DNA-chip (microscopic spots of oligonucleotides bound to glass that can be fluores- cently labelled to identify levels of expression) microarray 150. What methods are used to produce mutations in a forward genetics approach? -UV light -EMS -Nitrosoguandan- dine -transposons 151. The study of "genes in their entirety." genomics 152. A map of the distribution of cloned genomic DNA from genomic clone libraries physical map 153. A map of the order, overlap and orientation of physi- cally isolated pieces of the genome physical map 154. This term refers to the work undertaken by large teams of researchers who, through a concerted effort, clone and sequence the DNA of a particular organism genome project 155. A PCR technique that fills in small gaps by using the end of a cloned sequence as a primer to amplify into adjacent uncloned fragments primer walking 156. A ____ family is a group of evolutionarily related genes that arose through repeated evolution of an ancestral gene multigene 157. A gene construct that indicates when transcription occurs because the protein is easily identified (often GUS or GFP). reporter gene 42 / 50

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Module 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3a0sm5 158. What is a transgenic organism an organism that stably carries a foreign gene with- in its genome 159. Crossing over is often reduced around centromeric regions of chromosomes. If you were trying to con- struct a genetic map of two linked marker loci in this region, what result might you obtain and why? How would the genetic map correspond to the physical map? -gene mapped based on recombi- nation will appear to be very close together in cen- tromeric regions due to low rates of recombination -distanced be- tween the same genes not eh physical map may be much greater when compared to their regions of the chromosomes 160. the smallest number of clones that represents the entirety of the genome are called what? minimum tiling path 161. A fragment of DNA is cloned into a plasmid with a sequencing primer binding site. After dideoxy se- quencing, the gel pattern shown in this diagram is obtained. What was the sequence of the DNA strand that acted as the tem- plate in the sequencing reaction? 5'GCTAGCA3' 162. In the previous list of cloned fragments, the frag- ments needed to make the longest possible contig, with the least amount of overlap, are . 1-9 • Cloned fragment Markers present BCDF 43 / 50

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Module 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3a0sm5 • A M4 M5 • B M1 M2 M3 • C M6 M7 M8 • D M3 M4 M5 M6 • E M3 M4 M5 • F M8 M9 M10 163. Rank from "roughest" to "fine detail" the amount of resolution allowed by the following methods of map- ping. -cytogenetic map -sequence map -linkage map -restriction map 1. linkage map 2. cytogenetic map 3. restriction map 4. sequence map LaCRoS 164. ___ Paralog ___ Ortholog ___ Synteny ___ homolog 1. closely related genes based on sequence and func- tion 2. homologous genes of the same locus inherited from a common ancestor 3. genes related by gene duplication in the genome 4. conservation of the same groups of genes in the chromosomes of 2 or more species 3. paralog 2. ortholog 4. synteny 1. homolog 165. For a physical map of a chromosome, distances are measured in units of base pairs 166. You are doing an experiment to characterize a 3000bp clone using two different restriction enzymes. En- zyme 1 (E1) produces 2 fragments in a single digest of 1400 and 1400- bp/e1/200bp/e2/1400b 44 / 50

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Module 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3a0sm5 1600bp. Enzyme 2 (E2) also produces 2 fragments of 1400 and 1600bp. When a double digest using both of these enzymes is done, it results in 2 fragments of 1400bp and 200bp. Based on this data, choose the correct restriction map from the choices given below. 167. During gel electrophoresis, ___ will migrate more rapidly than ___. small fragments, large fragments 168. Before sequencing, the DNA fragment was cloned into a plasmid. On the strand that acted as the tem- plate in the sequencing reaction, what base of the cloned fragment was closest to the primer? A 169. What is bioinformatics? a method that uses very large national and in- ternational data- bases to access and work with se- quence informa- tion 170. Write the letter of all of the following statements that are NOT true a. coding sequences for gene products can be isolat- ed from cDNA libraries b. antibodies are used for Northern blot analysis c. VNTRs are highly conserved in human populations d. PCR amplification generates large numbers of lin- ear DNA fragments e. RNA molecules can be used as hybridization probes in Southern blot analysis b. antibodies are used for Northern blot analysis and c. VNTRs are highly conserved in human popula- tions 171. One of the dominant features of the immune system is the capacity to generate new cells that contain dif- ferent combination of antibodies. Because there are billions of combinations it is impossibe for each com- bination to be encoded by a single gene. Explain in An antibody is a Y-shaped mole- cule that contains 4 chains (2 heavy and 2 light). There 45 / 50

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Module 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3a0sm5 sufficient detail how such diversity is accomplished in the case of the light chain of a typical antibody. are 2 types of light chains and 5 types of heavy chains. Different combina- tions of chains cre- ate different types of antibody class- es. Each mature B cell makes one type of light chain and one type of heavy chain. The light chain genes have many differ- ent regions. 172. Which of the following statements about ddNTPs is true? they have a hydro- gen at the 3' car- bon of the ribose sugar 173. What is the definition of a clone? An identical or- ganism, or a cell that has been de- rived from a single ancestor 174. What properties must a molecule have to serve as a vector? -It should be able to replicate it- self independent- ly, contain a num- ber of unique re- striction sties that would enable the insertion of DNA fragments cut with the same enzyme, carry a selectable 46 / 50

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Module 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3a0sm5 marker, and be easy to retrieve 175. How does shotgun cloning differ from the clone-by-clone method? no genetic or physical maps of the genome are needed to begin shotgun cloning 176. Which of the following statements about manual Sanger sequencing is true? The DNA se- quence obtained is complementary to the template strand. 177. The PCR (polymerase chain reaction) protocol that is currently used in laboratories was facilitated by the discovery of a bacterium called Thermus aquati- cus in a hot spring inside Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. This organism contains a heat-stable form of DNA polymerase known as Taq polymerase, which continues to function even after it has been heated to 95 degrees C. Why would such a heat-stable poly- merase be beneficial in PCR? Each cycle in- cludes a "hot" de- naturation phase (95oC), which separates the hy- drogen bonds that hold the strands of the template DNA together. 178. A ddNTP, used often in DNA sequencing, lacks a(n) ________ at the ________ and ________ carbons. OH, 2', 3' 179. Of what advantage is it to have a polylinker region (multiple unique restriction sites) embedded in the lacZ component in the pUC series of plasmids? -the insert of a gene into a polylinker re- gion inactivates the lacZ compo- nent, which al- lows the identifica- tion oft eh recom- binant plasmid un- der genetic envi- ronmental condi- tions 47 / 50

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Module 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3a0sm5 180. Below are four processes common to most cloning experiments. Place components in the order in which they would most likely occur during a cloning exper- iment. Enter numbers 1-4 in the box below, with 1 indicating the process that you would do first. ____ plating bacteria on selective medium ____ transforming bacteria ____ cutting DNA with restriction endonucleases ___ ligating DNA fragments 1. cutting DNA with restriction en- donuclease 2. ligating DNA fragements 3. transforming bacteria 4. plating bacteria on selective medi- um 181. a map of the distribution of cloned genomic DNA from genomic clone libraries ?? 182. Describe the three basic components of a typical plasmid cloning vector and the reason/use for those plasmid vector components. A typical plasmid vector will have the following com- ponents: -Polylinker: First, there will be a mul- tiple cloning site OR polylinker that is "cut" with spe- cific restriction en- zymes. The same restriction enzyme can then be used to "cut" templat- ed DNA. When the cut vector and template are mixed together the complemen- 48 / 50

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Module 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3a0sm5 tary single strand- ed regions will an- neal to one anoth- er and this com- plementarity is co- valently linked us- ing DNA ligase. Once in the vector, the vector is trans- ferred into a bacte- rial host, where is multiplied. -Antibiotic resis- tance marker: The vector also con- tains antibiotic re- sistance genes so that when grow- ing in the pres- ence of antibiotic, only those bacte- ria with the vec- tor will be able to grow. -Selectable mark- er: Lastly, the vec- tor will contain a selectable marker, eg. the lacZ gene. The polylinker is located within this gene, when a tem- plate is ligated within the lacZ gene it is made nonfunctional. In the presence of a colorimetric in- dicator, such as 49 / 50

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Module 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3a0sm5 X-gal, which is broken down into a blue byproduct by lacZ, the pres- ence of a tem- plate fragment in the plasmid vec- tor is visualized by white bacteri- al colonies. These colonies can then be chosen for fur- ther analysis. 50 / 50

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

50c977a9-7ed2-49dc-8d94-900f389fc2e5

Related Documents