Biology: Life on Earth with Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9780133923001
Author: Gerald Audesirk, Teresa Audesirk, Bruce E. Byers
Publisher: PEARSON
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Textbook Question
Chapter 9.6, Problem 1TC
What would happen if a cell suffered a mutation that turned a growth factor receptor “on” all the time so that it activated the intracellular cascade even without growth factors present?
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RAS is a signal transducer that acts as a switch for turning on cell division. Drag the descriptions below to their proper places on the
figure to show the sequence of events.
When growth factor
binds to the receptor,
the intracellular domain
activates RAS by
facilitating exchange of
GDP for GTP.
When no growth factor
is bound to the
extracellular receptor,
RAS is bound to GDP
and is inactive.
RAS activates the
first of three
sequential kinase
proteins termed the
MAP kinase cascade.
Cell proliferation
proceeds as the
machinery for cell
division is set in
motion.
The end result of the
MAP kinase cascade
is activation of a
transcription factor.
Receptor
1
Ras
GDP
2
4
5
Growth factor
Ras
GTP
Cellular signaling follows a cascade of events and has multiple points of regulation. Which of the following could be a reason(s) why a signalling cascade is interrupted, or turned 'off', once it has been turned 'on'?
A) a protein gets tagged with an ubiqutin group and gets degraded
B) a chemical modification occurred on serine, threonine, or tyrosine side chains to turn on/off proteins
C) allosteric regulation causes an active site to be hidden
D) All of the other answers are correct
E) The ligand is prevented from reaching the binding site
What is the main benefit of cell signaling via direct physical contact and cell signaling over short distances (ex: nerve cell signaling)?
Chapter 9 Solutions
Biology: Life on Earth with Physiology (11th Edition)
Ch. 9.1 - describe the types of cells found in a...Ch. 9.1 - describe the functions of cell division in...Ch. 9.2 - describe the prokaryotic cell cycle and the major...Ch. 9.3 - describe the structure of a eukaryotic chromosome?Ch. 9.3 - describe the functions of telomeres and...Ch. 9.4 - Body, Heal Thyself Ligaments and tendons have a...Ch. 9.4 - describe the events of the eukaryotic cell cycle?Ch. 9.4 - explain the difference between mitotic cell...Ch. 9.5 - Body, Heal Thyself The precision of mitotic cell...Ch. 9.5 - describe the steps of mitotic cell division?
Ch. 9.5 - What would the consequences be if one set of...Ch. 9.5 - describe the usual outcome of mitotic cell...Ch. 9.5 - Prob. 3CYLCh. 9.6 - Body, Heal Thyself Bartolo Colns physicians wanted...Ch. 9.6 - Prob. 1CTCh. 9.6 - describe the interactions among growth factors,...Ch. 9.6 - Yesterday, when Daniel was showering after a...Ch. 9.6 - The saliva of dogs, like the saliva of most...Ch. 9.6 - What would happen if a cell suffered a mutation...Ch. 9.6 - explain how a cell protects against producing...Ch. 9 - Most nerve cells in the adult human central...Ch. 9 - The genetic material of all living organisms is...Ch. 9 - A cell that remains capable of dividing throughout...Ch. 9 - Diagram and describe the eukaryotic cell cycle....Ch. 9 - Prob. 2ACCh. 9 - Prokaryotic cells divide by a process called...Ch. 9 - Prob. 2MCCh. 9 - Prob. 2RQCh. 9 - Prob. 3FIBCh. 9 - Prob. 3MCCh. 9 - Prob. 3RQCh. 9 - Prob. 4FIBCh. 9 - How does prokaryotic fission differ from...Ch. 9 - Define the following terms: centromere, telomere,...Ch. 9 - The four phases of mitosis are _________,...Ch. 9 - Prob. 5MCCh. 9 - Prob. 5RQCh. 9 - Prob. 6FIBCh. 9 - Prob. 6RQCh. 9 - Prob. 7RQ
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- What is the sequence of events that takes place in cell signaling?arrow_forwardWhen epidermal growth factor (EGF)—the ligand for the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)—binds EGFR on the cell surface, the intracellular domain of the receptor changes shape into an "active state.” The receptor then induces a cascade of kinases in the cytoplasm, resulting in the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). One effect of EGFR signaling is the stimulation of cell proliferation. Overactive EGFR is frequently found in cancer cells. One strategy for developing anticancer drugs is to target the overactive signaling proteins found in cancer cells. Antibodies are proteins made by immune cells that only recognize specific biomolecules, called antigens. The major component of an anticancer drug is an antibody that specifically recognizes and binds EGFR. Which of the following will most likely happen when this anticancer drug is applied to a tumor that has a high level of EGFR? Tumor cells with active EGFR will increase and MAPK activity in the tumor will…arrow_forwardAs a cancer researcher, which segment of the signal transduction pathway would you target to prevent the spread of cancer and why?arrow_forward
- TSC acts as a tumor suppressor by continually suppressing mTOR and must be inhibited in order for mTOR to be active. True or false, explain whyarrow_forwardCan a cell have multiple responses to one stimulus? A) Yes, such as a second messenger activating a kinase and a transcription factor B) No, one stimulus = one response. C) Yes, but only if the stimulus activates two different types of receptors, like a GPCR and a protein kinase receptor at the same timearrow_forwardTGF-β1 is a protein that affects cell growth and differentiation. Scientists conducted an experiment where epithelial cells were treated with transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) in the laboratory. At the end of the experiment, the epithelial cells had transformed through several stages from epithelial cells to embryonic stem cells (ESCs) to neural progenitor cells (NPCs), and finally to cortical neurons (CNs). The scientists observed the transformation of the cells by analyzing gene expression at certain stages (M1-M7) and determined the relative gene expression level, as shown in the graph. The graph shows the relative gene expression level for cells at different stages of differentiation. Which of the following claims could account for the differences in gene expression at each stage of cell differentiation, and how does this correlate with the distance of the genes on the chromosome? A - Cell differentiation is controlled by RNA translation, but there is no…arrow_forward
- What common features are shared by most cell signaling systems?arrow_forwardThe p75 receptor differs from Trk receptors in that it a) can promote cell death. b) has high affinity for all neurotrophins. c) only binds a particular type of neurotrophin. d) can bind NGF to promote cell survival.arrow_forwardCertain types of cancerous lung tumors can secrete hormones normally made by the pancreas, adrenal gland, and hypothalamus. What prevents such secretion of happening in healthy cells?arrow_forward
- Once an activated signaling pathway has elicited the proper changes in target gene expression, the pathway must be inactivated. Otherwise, pathological consequences may result, as exemplified by persistent growth factor initiated signaling in many cancers. Many signaling pathways possess intrinsic negative feedback by which a downstream event in a pathway turns off an upstream event. Describe the negative feedback that down-regulates signals induced by (a) erythropoietin and (b) TGF-β.arrow_forwardPut the following steps for the outline of the growth factor signaling pathway in order: Map Kinase Kinase is Phosphorylated Proteins involved in gene transcription are activated Growth factor binds to its receptor in the cytoplasmic membrane Receptor recruits adaptor protein and GEF Autophosphorylation of tyrosine residues on the receptor Structural change of the receptor activates Tyrosine Kinase Map Kinase Kinase Kinase is phosphorylated Ras, a small GTPase, is activated by the exchange of GTP for GDP Map Kinase is Phosphorylated Map Kinase enters the nucleusarrow_forwardYou stimulated the cell with a ligand and analyzed the response. Upon ligand treatment, the cell increased the expression of gene α and decreased expression of gene β. When you inhibit cyclic AMP production by treating the cell with an inhibitor of Adenylyl cyclase, the increased expression of gene α was not observed but the decrease gene β expression was still observed. a) What you can expect for gene α regulation by this ligand? What signaling mechanism could be used? b) To determine how gene β is regulated by the ligand via what signaling mechanism, provide your hypothesis and indicate a potential experiment that you can perform to test that.arrow_forward
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