(a) To determine: The standard heat of formation of tetrachloroethane and standard heat of second reaction should be determined. The given equation is C 2 H 4 ( g ) + 2 C l ( g ) → C 2 H 2 C l 4 ( l ) + H 2 ( g ) : C 2 H 2 C l 4 ( l ) → C 2 H C l 3 ( l ) + H C l ( g ) ; Δ H ∘ r = − 385.76 k J in words. Concept introduction: At room temperature and 1 atm pressure, the heat required to absorb or evolve that leads to formation of one mole of compound from its constituent element is called as the heat of formation. The term Enthalpy exchange is also used when formation of one mole of compound from its constituent elements occurs. During any chemical reaction, when energy changes it is called as the state function according to Hess’s law. This state of function is defined as the energy changes in chemical reactions are same for any kind of reactions like one step reaction or several step reactions. The total energy change can be calculated as summation of energy change occurring at every step.

Question

In the production of ethyl acetate via reactive distillation, the column operates at 5 bar with an equimolar feed (ethanol + acetic acid) at 80°C. The reaction follows: \[CH_3COOH + C_2H_5OH \rightleftharpoons CH_3COOC_2H_5 + H_2O \quad (K_{eq} = 4.2 \text{ at } 80°C)\] Given: - NRTL parameters for all binary pairs - Tray efficiency = 65% - Vapor-liquid equilibrium exhibits positive azeotrope formation Calculate the exact minimum reflux ratio required to achieve 98% ethyl acetate purity in the distillate, assuming: 1) The reaction reaches equilibrium on each tray 2) The heavy key component is water

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 9, Problem 9.8P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

To determine:

The standard heat of formation of tetrachloroethane and standard heat of second reaction should be determined. The given equation is

C2H4(g)+2Cl(g)→C2H2Cl4(l)+H2(g):C2H2Cl4(l)→C2HCl3(l)+HCl(g); ΔH∘r=−385.76kJ in words.

Concept introduction:

At room temperature and 1atm pressure, the heat required to absorb or evolve that leads to formation of one mole of compound from its constituent element is called as the heat of formation.

The term Enthalpy exchange is also used when formation of one mole of compound from its constituent elements occurs.

During any chemical reaction, when energy changes it is called as the state function according to Hess’s law. This state of function is defined as the energy changes in chemical reactions are same for any kind of reactions like one step reaction or several step reactions.

The total energy change can be calculated as summation of energy change occurring at every step.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

To determine:

The standard heat of reaction for given reaction should be determined by use of Hess’s law. The given reaction is as follow:

C2H4(g)+2Cl2(g)→C2HCl3(l)+H2(g)+HCl(g).

Concept introduction:

During any chemical reaction, when energy changes it is called as the state function according to Hess’s law. This state of function is defined as the energy changes in chemical reactions are same for any kind of reactions like one step reaction or several step reactions.

The total energy change can be calculated as summation of energy change occurring at every step.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

To solve:

The heat is evolved or absorbed should be found for the given process.

Concept introduction:

At room temperature and

1atm pressure, the heat required to absorb or evolve that leads to formation of one mole of compound from its constituent element is called as the heat of formation.

The term Enthalpy exchange is also used when formation of one mole of compound from its constituent elements occurs.

During any chemical reaction, when energy changes it is called as the state function according to Hess’s law. This state of function is defined as the energy changes in chemical reactions are same for any kind of reactions like one step reaction or several step reactions.

The total energy change can be calculated as summation of energy change occurring at every step.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

To find:

The effect of temperature change from 400C to 250C should be determined for solution of part (c).

Concept introduction:

During any chemical reaction, when energy changes it is called as the state function according to Hess’s law. This state of function is defined as the energy changes in chemical reactions are same for any kind of reactions like one step reaction or several step reactions.

The total energy change can be calculated as summation of energy change occurring at every step.

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In the production of ethyl acetate via reactive distillation, the column operates at 5 bar with an equimolar feed (ethanol + acetic acid) at 80°C. The reaction follows: \[CH_3COOH + C_2H_5OH \rightleftharpoons CH_3COOC_2H_5 + H_2O \quad (K_{eq} = 4.2 \text{ at } 80°C)\] Given: - NRTL parameters for all binary pairs - Tray efficiency = 65% - Vapor-liquid equilibrium exhibits positive azeotrope formation Calculate the exact minimum reflux ratio required to achieve 98% ethyl acetate purity in the distillate, assuming: 1) The reaction reaches equilibrium on each tray 2) The heavy key component is water

In a multi-stage distillation column designed to separate a binary mixture of ethanol and water, the mass flow rate of the feed entering the column is \( F \), and the distillate product flow rate is \( D \). The reflux ratio \( R \) is defined as the ratio of the liquid returned to the column to the distillate flow rate. For the ideal case, where the column operates at maximum efficiency, determine the **minimum reflux ratio** \( R_{\text{min}} \) when the relative volatility \( \alpha = 1.5 \).

Q2: Draw the layout of a basic asynchronous 32k * 8 SRAM.

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 9, Problem 9.8P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

To determine:

The standard heat of formation of tetrachloroethane and standard heat of second reaction should be determined. The given equation is

C2H4(g)+2Cl(g)→C2H2Cl4(l)+H2(g):C2H2Cl4(l)→C2HCl3(l)+HCl(g); ΔH∘r=−385.76kJ in words.

Concept introduction:

At room temperature and 1atm pressure, the heat required to absorb or evolve that leads to formation of one mole of compound from its constituent element is called as the heat of formation.

The term Enthalpy exchange is also used when formation of one mole of compound from its constituent elements occurs.

During any chemical reaction, when energy changes it is called as the state function according to Hess’s law. This state of function is defined as the energy changes in chemical reactions are same for any kind of reactions like one step reaction or several step reactions.

The total energy change can be calculated as summation of energy change occurring at every step.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

To determine:

The standard heat of reaction for given reaction should be determined by use of Hess’s law. The given reaction is as follow:

C2H4(g)+2Cl2(g)→C2HCl3(l)+H2(g)+HCl(g).

Concept introduction:

During any chemical reaction, when energy changes it is called as the state function according to Hess’s law. This state of function is defined as the energy changes in chemical reactions are same for any kind of reactions like one step reaction or several step reactions.

The total energy change can be calculated as summation of energy change occurring at every step.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

To solve:

The heat is evolved or absorbed should be found for the given process.

Concept introduction:

At room temperature and

1atm pressure, the heat required to absorb or evolve that leads to formation of one mole of compound from its constituent element is called as the heat of formation.

The term Enthalpy exchange is also used when formation of one mole of compound from its constituent elements occurs.

During any chemical reaction, when energy changes it is called as the state function according to Hess’s law. This state of function is defined as the energy changes in chemical reactions are same for any kind of reactions like one step reaction or several step reactions.

The total energy change can be calculated as summation of energy change occurring at every step.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

To find:

The effect of temperature change from 400C to 250C should be determined for solution of part (c).

Concept introduction:

During any chemical reaction, when energy changes it is called as the state function according to Hess’s law. This state of function is defined as the energy changes in chemical reactions are same for any kind of reactions like one step reaction or several step reactions.

The total energy change can be calculated as summation of energy change occurring at every step.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 9, Problem 9.8P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

To determine:

The standard heat of formation of tetrachloroethane and standard heat of second reaction should be determined. The given equation is

C2H4(g)+2Cl(g)→C2H2Cl4(l)+H2(g):C2H2Cl4(l)→C2HCl3(l)+HCl(g); ΔH∘r=−385.76kJ in words.

Concept introduction:

At room temperature and 1atm pressure, the heat required to absorb or evolve that leads to formation of one mole of compound from its constituent element is called as the heat of formation.

The term Enthalpy exchange is also used when formation of one mole of compound from its constituent elements occurs.

During any chemical reaction, when energy changes it is called as the state function according to Hess’s law. This state of function is defined as the energy changes in chemical reactions are same for any kind of reactions like one step reaction or several step reactions.

The total energy change can be calculated as summation of energy change occurring at every step.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

To determine:

The standard heat of reaction for given reaction should be determined by use of Hess’s law. The given reaction is as follow:

C2H4(g)+2Cl2(g)→C2HCl3(l)+H2(g)+HCl(g).

Concept introduction:

During any chemical reaction, when energy changes it is called as the state function according to Hess’s law. This state of function is defined as the energy changes in chemical reactions are same for any kind of reactions like one step reaction or several step reactions.

The total energy change can be calculated as summation of energy change occurring at every step.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

To solve:

The heat is evolved or absorbed should be found for the given process.

Concept introduction:

At room temperature and

1atm pressure, the heat required to absorb or evolve that leads to formation of one mole of compound from its constituent element is called as the heat of formation.

The term Enthalpy exchange is also used when formation of one mole of compound from its constituent elements occurs.

During any chemical reaction, when energy changes it is called as the state function according to Hess’s law. This state of function is defined as the energy changes in chemical reactions are same for any kind of reactions like one step reaction or several step reactions.

The total energy change can be calculated as summation of energy change occurring at every step.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

To find:

The effect of temperature change from 400C to 250C should be determined for solution of part (c).

Concept introduction:

During any chemical reaction, when energy changes it is called as the state function according to Hess’s law. This state of function is defined as the energy changes in chemical reactions are same for any kind of reactions like one step reaction or several step reactions.

The total energy change can be calculated as summation of energy change occurring at every step.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 9, Problem 9.8P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

To determine:

The standard heat of formation of tetrachloroethane and standard heat of second reaction should be determined. The given equation is

C2H4(g)+2Cl(g)→C2H2Cl4(l)+H2(g):C2H2Cl4(l)→C2HCl3(l)+HCl(g); ΔH∘r=−385.76kJ in words.

Concept introduction:

At room temperature and 1atm pressure, the heat required to absorb or evolve that leads to formation of one mole of compound from its constituent element is called as the heat of formation.

The term Enthalpy exchange is also used when formation of one mole of compound from its constituent elements occurs.

During any chemical reaction, when energy changes it is called as the state function according to Hess’s law. This state of function is defined as the energy changes in chemical reactions are same for any kind of reactions like one step reaction or several step reactions.

The total energy change can be calculated as summation of energy change occurring at every step.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

To determine:

The standard heat of reaction for given reaction should be determined by use of Hess’s law. The given reaction is as follow:

C2H4(g)+2Cl2(g)→C2HCl3(l)+H2(g)+HCl(g).

Concept introduction:

During any chemical reaction, when energy changes it is called as the state function according to Hess’s law. This state of function is defined as the energy changes in chemical reactions are same for any kind of reactions like one step reaction or several step reactions.

The total energy change can be calculated as summation of energy change occurring at every step.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

To solve:

The heat is evolved or absorbed should be found for the given process.

Concept introduction:

At room temperature and

1atm pressure, the heat required to absorb or evolve that leads to formation of one mole of compound from its constituent element is called as the heat of formation.

The term Enthalpy exchange is also used when formation of one mole of compound from its constituent elements occurs.

During any chemical reaction, when energy changes it is called as the state function according to Hess’s law. This state of function is defined as the energy changes in chemical reactions are same for any kind of reactions like one step reaction or several step reactions.

The total energy change can be calculated as summation of energy change occurring at every step.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

To find:

The effect of temperature change from 400C to 250C should be determined for solution of part (c).

Concept introduction:

During any chemical reaction, when energy changes it is called as the state function according to Hess’s law. This state of function is defined as the energy changes in chemical reactions are same for any kind of reactions like one step reaction or several step reactions.

The total energy change can be calculated as summation of energy change occurring at every step.

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Answer 5

Chapter 9, Problem 9.8P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

To determine:

The standard heat of formation of tetrachloroethane and standard heat of second reaction should be determined. The given equation is

C2H4(g)+2Cl(g)→C2H2Cl4(l)+H2(g):C2H2Cl4(l)→C2HCl3(l)+HCl(g); ΔH∘r=−385.76kJ in words.

Concept introduction:

At room temperature and 1atm pressure, the heat required to absorb or evolve that leads to formation of one mole of compound from its constituent element is called as the heat of formation.

The term Enthalpy exchange is also used when formation of one mole of compound from its constituent elements occurs.

During any chemical reaction, when energy changes it is called as the state function according to Hess’s law. This state of function is defined as the energy changes in chemical reactions are same for any kind of reactions like one step reaction or several step reactions.

The total energy change can be calculated as summation of energy change occurring at every step.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

To determine:

The standard heat of reaction for given reaction should be determined by use of Hess’s law. The given reaction is as follow:

C2H4(g)+2Cl2(g)→C2HCl3(l)+H2(g)+HCl(g).

Concept introduction:

During any chemical reaction, when energy changes it is called as the state function according to Hess’s law. This state of function is defined as the energy changes in chemical reactions are same for any kind of reactions like one step reaction or several step reactions.

The total energy change can be calculated as summation of energy change occurring at every step.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

To solve:

The heat is evolved or absorbed should be found for the given process.

Concept introduction:

At room temperature and

1atm pressure, the heat required to absorb or evolve that leads to formation of one mole of compound from its constituent element is called as the heat of formation.

The term Enthalpy exchange is also used when formation of one mole of compound from its constituent elements occurs.

During any chemical reaction, when energy changes it is called as the state function according to Hess’s law. This state of function is defined as the energy changes in chemical reactions are same for any kind of reactions like one step reaction or several step reactions.

The total energy change can be calculated as summation of energy change occurring at every step.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

To find:

The effect of temperature change from 400C to 250C should be determined for solution of part (c).

Concept introduction:

During any chemical reaction, when energy changes it is called as the state function according to Hess’s law. This state of function is defined as the energy changes in chemical reactions are same for any kind of reactions like one step reaction or several step reactions.

The total energy change can be calculated as summation of energy change occurring at every step.

Answer 6

Chapter 9, Problem 9.8P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

To determine:

The standard heat of formation of tetrachloroethane and standard heat of second reaction should be determined. The given equation is

C2H4(g)+2Cl(g)→C2H2Cl4(l)+H2(g):C2H2Cl4(l)→C2HCl3(l)+HCl(g); ΔH∘r=−385.76kJ in words.

Concept introduction:

At room temperature and 1atm pressure, the heat required to absorb or evolve that leads to formation of one mole of compound from its constituent element is called as the heat of formation.

The term Enthalpy exchange is also used when formation of one mole of compound from its constituent elements occurs.

During any chemical reaction, when energy changes it is called as the state function according to Hess’s law. This state of function is defined as the energy changes in chemical reactions are same for any kind of reactions like one step reaction or several step reactions.

The total energy change can be calculated as summation of energy change occurring at every step.

Answer 7

Chapter 9, Problem 9.8P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

To determine:

The standard heat of formation of tetrachloroethane and standard heat of second reaction should be determined. The given equation is

C2H4(g)+2Cl(g)→C2H2Cl4(l)+H2(g):C2H2Cl4(l)→C2HCl3(l)+HCl(g); ΔH∘r=−385.76kJ in words.

Concept introduction:

At room temperature and 1atm pressure, the heat required to absorb or evolve that leads to formation of one mole of compound from its constituent element is called as the heat of formation.

The term Enthalpy exchange is also used when formation of one mole of compound from its constituent elements occurs.

During any chemical reaction, when energy changes it is called as the state function according to Hess’s law. This state of function is defined as the energy changes in chemical reactions are same for any kind of reactions like one step reaction or several step reactions.

The total energy change can be calculated as summation of energy change occurring at every step.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

To determine:

The standard heat of reaction for given reaction should be determined by use of Hess’s law. The given reaction is as follow:

C2H4(g)+2Cl2(g)→C2HCl3(l)+H2(g)+HCl(g).

Concept introduction:

During any chemical reaction, when energy changes it is called as the state function according to Hess’s law. This state of function is defined as the energy changes in chemical reactions are same for any kind of reactions like one step reaction or several step reactions.

The total energy change can be calculated as summation of energy change occurring at every step.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

To determine:

The standard heat of reaction for given reaction should be determined by use of Hess’s law. The given reaction is as follow:

C2H4(g)+2Cl2(g)→C2HCl3(l)+H2(g)+HCl(g).

Concept introduction:

During any chemical reaction, when energy changes it is called as the state function according to Hess’s law. This state of function is defined as the energy changes in chemical reactions are same for any kind of reactions like one step reaction or several step reactions.

The total energy change can be calculated as summation of energy change occurring at every step.

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

To solve:

The heat is evolved or absorbed should be found for the given process.

Concept introduction:

At room temperature and

1atm pressure, the heat required to absorb or evolve that leads to formation of one mole of compound from its constituent element is called as the heat of formation.

The term Enthalpy exchange is also used when formation of one mole of compound from its constituent elements occurs.

During any chemical reaction, when energy changes it is called as the state function according to Hess’s law. This state of function is defined as the energy changes in chemical reactions are same for any kind of reactions like one step reaction or several step reactions.

The total energy change can be calculated as summation of energy change occurring at every step.

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

To solve:

The heat is evolved or absorbed should be found for the given process.

Concept introduction:

At room temperature and

1atm pressure, the heat required to absorb or evolve that leads to formation of one mole of compound from its constituent element is called as the heat of formation.

The term Enthalpy exchange is also used when formation of one mole of compound from its constituent elements occurs.

During any chemical reaction, when energy changes it is called as the state function according to Hess’s law. This state of function is defined as the energy changes in chemical reactions are same for any kind of reactions like one step reaction or several step reactions.

The total energy change can be calculated as summation of energy change occurring at every step.

Answer 12

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

To find:

The effect of temperature change from 400C to 250C should be determined for solution of part (c).

Concept introduction:

During any chemical reaction, when energy changes it is called as the state function according to Hess’s law. This state of function is defined as the energy changes in chemical reactions are same for any kind of reactions like one step reaction or several step reactions.

The total energy change can be calculated as summation of energy change occurring at every step.

Answer 13

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

To find:

The effect of temperature change from 400C to 250C should be determined for solution of part (c).

Concept introduction:

During any chemical reaction, when energy changes it is called as the state function according to Hess’s law. This state of function is defined as the energy changes in chemical reactions are same for any kind of reactions like one step reaction or several step reactions.

The total energy change can be calculated as summation of energy change occurring at every step.

Answer 14

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Answer 25

Ch. 9 - The standard heat of the reaction...Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.2P Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.3P Ch. 9 - The standard heat of the reaction...Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.5P Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.6P Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.7P Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.8P Ch. 9 - The standard heat of combustion of gaseous ethane...Ch. 9 - The standard heat of combustion (AH°) of liquid...

Solution Summary: The author explains how the heat required to absorb or evolve that leads to formation of one mole of compound from its constituent element is called heat of formation.

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Chapter 9 Solutions