(a) Interpretation: The inlet-outlet enthalpy table for the given process is to be prepared and filled using elemental species as reference. Also, the required heat transfer to the reactor is proven to be 2.7 × 10 6 kJ . Concept introduction: Specific heat capacity ( C p ) of a substance is the amount of heat needed for a unit mass of substance to raise its temperature by 1 ∘ C . It is temperature dependent and varies with temperature of the substance. Specific enthalpy ( H ^ ) of any substance at temperature T ∘ C is given by: H ^ = ∫ T r e f T C p d T .......(1) Here, T r e f is the reference temperature taken for the calculations. And the formula to calculate C p is: C p = ( a × 10 − 3 ) + ( b × 10 − 5 ) T + ( c × 10 − 8 ) T 2 + ( d × 10 − 12 ) T 3 .......(2) The equation for energy balance is: Δ H + Δ E k + Δ E p = Q − W s .......(3) Here, Δ H is the change in the enthalpy of the system, Δ E k is the kinetic energy change of the system, Δ E p is the potential energy change of the system, Q is the amount of the energy which is transferred to a system and W s is the amount of energy which is transferred as shaft work.

Question

Fungal cells are cultured in a bioreactor using glucose (C6H12O6) as the carbon source andnitrate (NO3⁻) as the nitrogen source. The vessel is sparged with air. Biomass is the majorproduct formed; however, because the cells are subject to autolysis, significant levels of excretedby-products with the same molecular composition as the biomass are also produced.Elemental analysis of the fungal biomass gives a molecular formula of CH1.75O0.85N0.20, withnegligible ash. Yield measurements show that 0.28 g of intact fungal cells is produced per gramof glucose consumed, while 0.25 g of by-product is formed per gram of intact biomass.(a) If 8 kg of glucose is consumed per hour, at what rate must oxygen be provided to thereactor in units of mol min⁻¹?

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 9, Problem 9.28P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The inlet-outlet enthalpy table for the given process is to be prepared and filled using elemental species as reference. Also, the required heat transfer to the reactor is proven to be 2.7×106 kJ.

Concept introduction:

Specific heat capacity (Cp) of a substance is the amount of heat needed for a unit mass of substance to raise its temperature by 1∘C. It is temperature dependent and varies with temperature of the substance.

Specific enthalpy (H^) of any substance at temperature T∘C is given by:

H^=∫TrefTCpdT .......(1)

Here, Tref is the reference temperature taken for the calculations. And the formula to calculate Cp is:

Cp=(a×10−3)+(b×10−5)T+(c×10−8)T2+(d×10−12)T3 .......(2)

The equation for energy balance is:

ΔH+ΔEk+ΔEp=Q−Ws .......(3)

Here, ΔH is the change in the enthalpy of the system, ΔEk is the kinetic energy change of the system, ΔEp is the potential energy change of the system, Q is the amount of the energy which is transferred to a system and Ws is the amount of energy which is transferred as shaft work.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The inlet-outlet enthalpy table for the given process is to be prepared and filled using elemental species as reference. Also, the required heat transfer to the reactor is to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

Specific heat capacity (Cp) of a substance is the amount of heat needed for a unit mass of substance to raise its temperature by 1∘C. It is temperature dependent and varies with temperature of the substance.

Specific enthalpy (H^) of any substance at temperature T∘C is given by:

H^=∫TrefTCpdT .......(1)

Here, Tref is the reference temperature taken for the calculations. And the formula to calculate Cp is:

Cp=(a×10−3)+(b×10−5)T+(c×10−8)T2+(d×10−12)T3 .......(2)

The equation for energy balance is:

ΔH+ΔEk+ΔEp=Q−Ws .......(3)

Here, ΔH is the change in the enthalpy of the system, ΔEk is the kinetic energy change of the system, ΔEp is the potential energy change of the system, Q is the amount of the energy which is transferred to a system and Ws is the amount of energy which is transferred as shaft work.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The percentage by which the heat requirement is reduced for the modified process in part (b) is to be calculated. Also, two reasons are to be stated for this reduction along with the benefits of feeding the combustion gas to the calcination reactor.

Concept introduction:

The formula to calculate the percentage reduction is:

% reduction=Initial value−reduced valueInitial value×100% .......(4)

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Fungal cells are cultured in a bioreactor using glucose (C6H12O6) as the carbon source andnitrate (NO3⁻) as the nitrogen source. The vessel is sparged with air. Biomass is the majorproduct formed; however, because the cells are subject to autolysis, significant levels of excretedby-products with the same molecular composition as the biomass are also produced.Elemental analysis of the fungal biomass gives a molecular formula of CH1.75O0.85N0.20, withnegligible ash. Yield measurements show that 0.28 g of intact fungal cells is produced per gramof glucose consumed, while 0.25 g of by-product is formed per gram of intact biomass.(a) If 8 kg of glucose is consumed per hour, at what rate must oxygen be provided to thereactor in units of mol min⁻¹?

Ginseng roots can be used to produce valuable secondary metabolites, particularlyginsenosides, in vitro. A batch culture of Panax ginseng roots is established in an air-drivenbioreactor to enhance ginsenoside production. The culture is maintained at 25°C with acontrolled nutrient supply. A nutrient medium containing 5% glucose and 2% NH₃ is preparedfor the culture, with the remainder of the medium considered water. Air at 25°C and 1 atmpressure is sparged into the reactor at a rate of 400 cm³ min⁻¹. Over a 30-day culture period,30,000 g of nutrient medium and 1000 liters of O₂ are supplied, while 300 liters of CO₂ arecollected in the off-gas. At the end of 30 days, 20,000 g of liquid medium remains, containing0.085% residual glucose and 1.6% dissolved NH₃. The ratio of fresh root weight to dry weight is10:1.(a) What dry mass of ginseng roots is produced in 30 days?(b) Write the reaction equation for ginseng root growth, indicating the approximatechemical formula for the roots,…

A biologically active protein produced in Escherichia coli fermentations is purified byprecipitation. A 200 L solution containing 5.2 wt% protein is treated in a batch precipitationreactor. 1 kg of salt is added to induce protein precipitation. At the end of the process, theremaining solution contains 1.5 wt% protein, and the precipitate is wet with 5wt% of water.(a) What is the mass of the residual protein solution?(b) What mass of protein precipitate is produced?Assume the density of the solution remains approximately 1.00 g/mL throughout the process,and that the concentration of salt in the water captured in the precipitate is the same as theconcentration of salt in total.

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 9, Problem 9.28P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The inlet-outlet enthalpy table for the given process is to be prepared and filled using elemental species as reference. Also, the required heat transfer to the reactor is proven to be 2.7×106 kJ.

Concept introduction:

Specific heat capacity (Cp) of a substance is the amount of heat needed for a unit mass of substance to raise its temperature by 1∘C. It is temperature dependent and varies with temperature of the substance.

Specific enthalpy (H^) of any substance at temperature T∘C is given by:

H^=∫TrefTCpdT .......(1)

Here, Tref is the reference temperature taken for the calculations. And the formula to calculate Cp is:

Cp=(a×10−3)+(b×10−5)T+(c×10−8)T2+(d×10−12)T3 .......(2)

The equation for energy balance is:

ΔH+ΔEk+ΔEp=Q−Ws .......(3)

Here, ΔH is the change in the enthalpy of the system, ΔEk is the kinetic energy change of the system, ΔEp is the potential energy change of the system, Q is the amount of the energy which is transferred to a system and Ws is the amount of energy which is transferred as shaft work.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The inlet-outlet enthalpy table for the given process is to be prepared and filled using elemental species as reference. Also, the required heat transfer to the reactor is to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

Specific heat capacity (Cp) of a substance is the amount of heat needed for a unit mass of substance to raise its temperature by 1∘C. It is temperature dependent and varies with temperature of the substance.

Specific enthalpy (H^) of any substance at temperature T∘C is given by:

H^=∫TrefTCpdT .......(1)

Here, Tref is the reference temperature taken for the calculations. And the formula to calculate Cp is:

Cp=(a×10−3)+(b×10−5)T+(c×10−8)T2+(d×10−12)T3 .......(2)

The equation for energy balance is:

ΔH+ΔEk+ΔEp=Q−Ws .......(3)

Here, ΔH is the change in the enthalpy of the system, ΔEk is the kinetic energy change of the system, ΔEp is the potential energy change of the system, Q is the amount of the energy which is transferred to a system and Ws is the amount of energy which is transferred as shaft work.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The percentage by which the heat requirement is reduced for the modified process in part (b) is to be calculated. Also, two reasons are to be stated for this reduction along with the benefits of feeding the combustion gas to the calcination reactor.

Concept introduction:

The formula to calculate the percentage reduction is:

% reduction=Initial value−reduced valueInitial value×100% .......(4)

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 9, Problem 9.28P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The inlet-outlet enthalpy table for the given process is to be prepared and filled using elemental species as reference. Also, the required heat transfer to the reactor is proven to be 2.7×106 kJ.

Concept introduction:

Specific heat capacity (Cp) of a substance is the amount of heat needed for a unit mass of substance to raise its temperature by 1∘C. It is temperature dependent and varies with temperature of the substance.

Specific enthalpy (H^) of any substance at temperature T∘C is given by:

H^=∫TrefTCpdT .......(1)

Here, Tref is the reference temperature taken for the calculations. And the formula to calculate Cp is:

Cp=(a×10−3)+(b×10−5)T+(c×10−8)T2+(d×10−12)T3 .......(2)

The equation for energy balance is:

ΔH+ΔEk+ΔEp=Q−Ws .......(3)

Here, ΔH is the change in the enthalpy of the system, ΔEk is the kinetic energy change of the system, ΔEp is the potential energy change of the system, Q is the amount of the energy which is transferred to a system and Ws is the amount of energy which is transferred as shaft work.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The inlet-outlet enthalpy table for the given process is to be prepared and filled using elemental species as reference. Also, the required heat transfer to the reactor is to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

Specific heat capacity (Cp) of a substance is the amount of heat needed for a unit mass of substance to raise its temperature by 1∘C. It is temperature dependent and varies with temperature of the substance.

Specific enthalpy (H^) of any substance at temperature T∘C is given by:

H^=∫TrefTCpdT .......(1)

Here, Tref is the reference temperature taken for the calculations. And the formula to calculate Cp is:

Cp=(a×10−3)+(b×10−5)T+(c×10−8)T2+(d×10−12)T3 .......(2)

The equation for energy balance is:

ΔH+ΔEk+ΔEp=Q−Ws .......(3)

Here, ΔH is the change in the enthalpy of the system, ΔEk is the kinetic energy change of the system, ΔEp is the potential energy change of the system, Q is the amount of the energy which is transferred to a system and Ws is the amount of energy which is transferred as shaft work.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The percentage by which the heat requirement is reduced for the modified process in part (b) is to be calculated. Also, two reasons are to be stated for this reduction along with the benefits of feeding the combustion gas to the calcination reactor.

Concept introduction:

The formula to calculate the percentage reduction is:

% reduction=Initial value−reduced valueInitial value×100% .......(4)

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 9, Problem 9.28P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The inlet-outlet enthalpy table for the given process is to be prepared and filled using elemental species as reference. Also, the required heat transfer to the reactor is proven to be 2.7×106 kJ.

Concept introduction:

Specific heat capacity (Cp) of a substance is the amount of heat needed for a unit mass of substance to raise its temperature by 1∘C. It is temperature dependent and varies with temperature of the substance.

Specific enthalpy (H^) of any substance at temperature T∘C is given by:

H^=∫TrefTCpdT .......(1)

Here, Tref is the reference temperature taken for the calculations. And the formula to calculate Cp is:

Cp=(a×10−3)+(b×10−5)T+(c×10−8)T2+(d×10−12)T3 .......(2)

The equation for energy balance is:

ΔH+ΔEk+ΔEp=Q−Ws .......(3)

Here, ΔH is the change in the enthalpy of the system, ΔEk is the kinetic energy change of the system, ΔEp is the potential energy change of the system, Q is the amount of the energy which is transferred to a system and Ws is the amount of energy which is transferred as shaft work.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The inlet-outlet enthalpy table for the given process is to be prepared and filled using elemental species as reference. Also, the required heat transfer to the reactor is to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

Specific heat capacity (Cp) of a substance is the amount of heat needed for a unit mass of substance to raise its temperature by 1∘C. It is temperature dependent and varies with temperature of the substance.

Specific enthalpy (H^) of any substance at temperature T∘C is given by:

H^=∫TrefTCpdT .......(1)

Here, Tref is the reference temperature taken for the calculations. And the formula to calculate Cp is:

Cp=(a×10−3)+(b×10−5)T+(c×10−8)T2+(d×10−12)T3 .......(2)

The equation for energy balance is:

ΔH+ΔEk+ΔEp=Q−Ws .......(3)

Here, ΔH is the change in the enthalpy of the system, ΔEk is the kinetic energy change of the system, ΔEp is the potential energy change of the system, Q is the amount of the energy which is transferred to a system and Ws is the amount of energy which is transferred as shaft work.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The percentage by which the heat requirement is reduced for the modified process in part (b) is to be calculated. Also, two reasons are to be stated for this reduction along with the benefits of feeding the combustion gas to the calcination reactor.

Concept introduction:

The formula to calculate the percentage reduction is:

% reduction=Initial value−reduced valueInitial value×100% .......(4)

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Answer 5

Chapter 9, Problem 9.28P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The inlet-outlet enthalpy table for the given process is to be prepared and filled using elemental species as reference. Also, the required heat transfer to the reactor is proven to be 2.7×106 kJ.

Concept introduction:

Specific heat capacity (Cp) of a substance is the amount of heat needed for a unit mass of substance to raise its temperature by 1∘C. It is temperature dependent and varies with temperature of the substance.

Specific enthalpy (H^) of any substance at temperature T∘C is given by:

H^=∫TrefTCpdT .......(1)

Here, Tref is the reference temperature taken for the calculations. And the formula to calculate Cp is:

Cp=(a×10−3)+(b×10−5)T+(c×10−8)T2+(d×10−12)T3 .......(2)

The equation for energy balance is:

ΔH+ΔEk+ΔEp=Q−Ws .......(3)

Here, ΔH is the change in the enthalpy of the system, ΔEk is the kinetic energy change of the system, ΔEp is the potential energy change of the system, Q is the amount of the energy which is transferred to a system and Ws is the amount of energy which is transferred as shaft work.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The inlet-outlet enthalpy table for the given process is to be prepared and filled using elemental species as reference. Also, the required heat transfer to the reactor is to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

Specific heat capacity (Cp) of a substance is the amount of heat needed for a unit mass of substance to raise its temperature by 1∘C. It is temperature dependent and varies with temperature of the substance.

Specific enthalpy (H^) of any substance at temperature T∘C is given by:

H^=∫TrefTCpdT .......(1)

Here, Tref is the reference temperature taken for the calculations. And the formula to calculate Cp is:

Cp=(a×10−3)+(b×10−5)T+(c×10−8)T2+(d×10−12)T3 .......(2)

The equation for energy balance is:

ΔH+ΔEk+ΔEp=Q−Ws .......(3)

Here, ΔH is the change in the enthalpy of the system, ΔEk is the kinetic energy change of the system, ΔEp is the potential energy change of the system, Q is the amount of the energy which is transferred to a system and Ws is the amount of energy which is transferred as shaft work.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The percentage by which the heat requirement is reduced for the modified process in part (b) is to be calculated. Also, two reasons are to be stated for this reduction along with the benefits of feeding the combustion gas to the calcination reactor.

Concept introduction:

The formula to calculate the percentage reduction is:

% reduction=Initial value−reduced valueInitial value×100% .......(4)

Answer 6

Chapter 9, Problem 9.28P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The inlet-outlet enthalpy table for the given process is to be prepared and filled using elemental species as reference. Also, the required heat transfer to the reactor is proven to be 2.7×106 kJ.

Concept introduction:

Specific heat capacity (Cp) of a substance is the amount of heat needed for a unit mass of substance to raise its temperature by 1∘C. It is temperature dependent and varies with temperature of the substance.

Specific enthalpy (H^) of any substance at temperature T∘C is given by:

H^=∫TrefTCpdT .......(1)

Here, Tref is the reference temperature taken for the calculations. And the formula to calculate Cp is:

Cp=(a×10−3)+(b×10−5)T+(c×10−8)T2+(d×10−12)T3 .......(2)

The equation for energy balance is:

ΔH+ΔEk+ΔEp=Q−Ws .......(3)

Here, ΔH is the change in the enthalpy of the system, ΔEk is the kinetic energy change of the system, ΔEp is the potential energy change of the system, Q is the amount of the energy which is transferred to a system and Ws is the amount of energy which is transferred as shaft work.

Answer 7

Chapter 9, Problem 9.28P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The inlet-outlet enthalpy table for the given process is to be prepared and filled using elemental species as reference. Also, the required heat transfer to the reactor is proven to be 2.7×106 kJ.

Concept introduction:

Specific heat capacity (Cp) of a substance is the amount of heat needed for a unit mass of substance to raise its temperature by 1∘C. It is temperature dependent and varies with temperature of the substance.

Specific enthalpy (H^) of any substance at temperature T∘C is given by:

H^=∫TrefTCpdT .......(1)

Here, Tref is the reference temperature taken for the calculations. And the formula to calculate Cp is:

Cp=(a×10−3)+(b×10−5)T+(c×10−8)T2+(d×10−12)T3 .......(2)

The equation for energy balance is:

ΔH+ΔEk+ΔEp=Q−Ws .......(3)

Here, ΔH is the change in the enthalpy of the system, ΔEk is the kinetic energy change of the system, ΔEp is the potential energy change of the system, Q is the amount of the energy which is transferred to a system and Ws is the amount of energy which is transferred as shaft work.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The inlet-outlet enthalpy table for the given process is to be prepared and filled using elemental species as reference. Also, the required heat transfer to the reactor is to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

Specific heat capacity (Cp) of a substance is the amount of heat needed for a unit mass of substance to raise its temperature by 1∘C. It is temperature dependent and varies with temperature of the substance.

Specific enthalpy (H^) of any substance at temperature T∘C is given by:

H^=∫TrefTCpdT .......(1)

Here, Tref is the reference temperature taken for the calculations. And the formula to calculate Cp is:

Cp=(a×10−3)+(b×10−5)T+(c×10−8)T2+(d×10−12)T3 .......(2)

The equation for energy balance is:

ΔH+ΔEk+ΔEp=Q−Ws .......(3)

Here, ΔH is the change in the enthalpy of the system, ΔEk is the kinetic energy change of the system, ΔEp is the potential energy change of the system, Q is the amount of the energy which is transferred to a system and Ws is the amount of energy which is transferred as shaft work.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The inlet-outlet enthalpy table for the given process is to be prepared and filled using elemental species as reference. Also, the required heat transfer to the reactor is to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

Specific heat capacity (Cp) of a substance is the amount of heat needed for a unit mass of substance to raise its temperature by 1∘C. It is temperature dependent and varies with temperature of the substance.

Specific enthalpy (H^) of any substance at temperature T∘C is given by:

H^=∫TrefTCpdT .......(1)

Here, Tref is the reference temperature taken for the calculations. And the formula to calculate Cp is:

Cp=(a×10−3)+(b×10−5)T+(c×10−8)T2+(d×10−12)T3 .......(2)

The equation for energy balance is:

ΔH+ΔEk+ΔEp=Q−Ws .......(3)

Here, ΔH is the change in the enthalpy of the system, ΔEk is the kinetic energy change of the system, ΔEp is the potential energy change of the system, Q is the amount of the energy which is transferred to a system and Ws is the amount of energy which is transferred as shaft work.

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The percentage by which the heat requirement is reduced for the modified process in part (b) is to be calculated. Also, two reasons are to be stated for this reduction along with the benefits of feeding the combustion gas to the calcination reactor.

Concept introduction:

The formula to calculate the percentage reduction is:

% reduction=Initial value−reduced valueInitial value×100% .......(4)

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The percentage by which the heat requirement is reduced for the modified process in part (b) is to be calculated. Also, two reasons are to be stated for this reduction along with the benefits of feeding the combustion gas to the calcination reactor.

Concept introduction:

The formula to calculate the percentage reduction is:

% reduction=Initial value−reduced valueInitial value×100% .......(4)

Answer 12

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Ch. 9 - The standard heat of the reaction...Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.2P Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.3P Ch. 9 - The standard heat of the reaction...Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.5P Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.6P Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.7P Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.8P Ch. 9 - The standard heat of combustion of gaseous ethane...Ch. 9 - The standard heat of combustion (AH°) of liquid...

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