Chapter 8.4, Problem 8E

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

To explain why the divergence calculation for the averaged system of forced Duffing oscillator implies that the fixed points cannot be sources; only sinks andsaddles are possible.

Concept Introduction:

The divergence of a field $\text{F}$ is denoted by $\nabla \text{. F}$, and it gives the rate at which the density exits a given region of space.

If the divergence of a system is positive, it represents the source, and if the divergence of a system is negative, it represents the sink. If the divergence of a system is zero, the fixed point is a saddle.